EALS QUARTER 1 REVIEWER

OPEN SYSTEMS

allow energy and mass to pass across the system boundary.

Closed System

Allows energy but not mass across its system boundary

CLOSED SYSTEM

The energy passes across Earth's system boundary, but not mass, making it a ________

ATMOSPHERE

• composed of 78% nitrogen (N), 21% oxygen (O2), 0.9% Argon
• maintains atmospheric circulation
• Protect against harmful effects of uv rays

TROPOSPHERE -

the densest part of the atmosphere, the lowest layer where the weather forms.

STRATOSPHERE

location of ozone (o3) layer

MESOSPHERE

protects the earth from the impact of space debris

THERMOSPHERE

has charged particles that are affected by the earth's magnetic field. the particles create the auroras or northern and southern lights.

IONOSPHERE

where abundant layers of electron, ionized atoms and molecules occur.

EXOSPHERE

is the farthest layer, the boundary between the earth’s atmosphere andthespace

GEOSPHERE

•GEO is a Greek root which means ground.
•________ includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of the Earth.

BIOSPHERE

•the set of all life forms on Earth and covers all ecosystems
•the base of the food chain comprises photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, CO2 is sequestered from the atmosphere, while oxygen is released as a by-product.
•The biosphere is a CO2 sink, and therefore, an important part of the carbon cycle.

HYDROSPHERE

•All the Waters on The Earth's Surface
•About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water (hydrosphere) and much of it is in the form of ocean water
• Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh: two-thirds are in the form of ice (cryosphere)
•Heat is absorbed and redistributed on the surface of the Earth through ocean circulation.

CRUST

the outermost layer of the geosphere. It is made mostly of silicate materials.

OCEANIC CRUST

- that lies beneath the oceanic floors is about 5 to 10 km thick.
- It is composed of the elements iron, oxygen, magnesium and aluminum.
Mostly composed of basaltic rocks

CONTINENTAL CRUST

- that makes up the continents is about 15 to 70 km thick.
- It is composed of granite, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Mostly composed of granitic rocks

MANTLE

- made mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron
- about 2900 km thick, has increasing temperatures at increasing depths.

UPPER MANTLE

–It is mostly solid and its malleable regions contribute to tectonic activities.
–The earth’s crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle form the lithosphere.
–composed of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminum.

LOWER MANTLE

-a.k.a mesosphere; it is hotter and denser than the upper mantle .and It is mostly solid rocks
-composed of the elements iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium and aluminum.

ASTHENOSPHERE

– part of the upper mantle just below the lithosphere.

MINERAL

is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid material that has a fixed structure and a definite chemical composition

COLOR

of a mineral depends on the elements which constitute the crystal lattice – the arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in a specific pattern and with high symmetry.

STREAK

is the color of the mineral in its powdered form.
- Note that the color of a mineral can be different from its streak.

STREAK TEST

performed by rubbing or scraping the mineral across a piece of unglazed porcelain known as streak plate

LUSTER

the differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its surface.

METALLIC

generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal

NON-METALLIC

waxy, pearly, silky, vitreous, greasy, resinous, dull, and adamantine

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

the ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of the water with an equal volume.

HARDNESS

is the measure of the resistance of a surface to abrasions or scratches.

CLEAVAGE

is the tendency of the mineral to be split or broken along flat surfaces.

FRACTURE

refers to the texture or shape of the mineral when it breaks into forms other than flat surfaces

CONCHOIDAL

Fracture surface is a smooth curve, bowl-shaped (common in glass)

HACKLY -

Fracture surface has sharp, jagged edges

UNEVEN/IRREGULAR

Fracture surface is rough and irregular

FIBROUS

Fracture surface shows fibers

TENACITY

behavior of the mineral under deformation or stress such as cutting, crushing, bending, or hitting.

CRYSTAL HABIT

the growth crystal pattern of a mineral as single or aggregated. The form reflects the supposedly internal structure (of atoms and ions) of the crystal (mineral).
- Crystal Formation - During cooling of magma under the earth’s crust (ex. Granite)
- During precipitation of a mineral from liquid (ex. Halite salt)

SOLUBILITY

refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature.

MELTING POINT

refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.

ROCK

A natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together into a solid lump

IGNEOUS ROCK

❑ “Ignis” – Latin word for fire
❑ formed from the solidification of molten rock material (magma or lava)

INTRUSIVE ROCKS

✔are igneous rocks formed underneath the earth.
✔They are coarse-grained due to the slow cooling of magma allowing crystal growth.
✔Ex. granite, diorite, gabbro

EXTRUSIVE ROCKS

✔ igneous rocks formed on the surface of the earth.
✔ They are cooled lava, which are molten rocks ejected on the surface through volcanic eruptions.
✔ They are fine-grained due to abrupt cooling on the surface.
✔ Ex. Rhyolite, andesite, basal

FELSIC

 >65% silica, generally light-colored
 tend to be light in color
 associated with thick and slow-moving (viscous) magma or lava flows.
 texture is fine-grained or aphanitic

INTERMIDIATE

 55-65% silica; generally medium colored (medium gray)
 diorite, if the texture is phaneritic (coarse grained)
 andesite, if the texture is aphanitic (fine grained)

MAFIC

 45-55% silica; generally dark colored
 are gray to black in color and are made up of mostly silicate minerals with magnesium and iron.
 magmas and lavas have a low viscosity (resistance to flow)
occur in association with oceanic crust.

ULTRAMAFIC



PHANERITIC TEXTURE -

coarse grained texture

APHANITIC TEXTURE

fine-grained texture

PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE

composed of crystals of two different sizes (phenocrysts, ground mass)

GLASSY TEXTURE

Rock is composed entirely of glass.

VESICULAR TEXTURE

"bubbly" appearance

PYROCLASTIC TEXTURE

composed of volcanic fragments

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• formed through the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments a process called lithification.

CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

made up from pre-existing rocks

NON-CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

 These rocks can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both.
 Biological sedimentary rocks are lithified accumulation of dead organisms

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

➔ Internal processes that occur beneath the Earth such as magmatism, plutonism, volcanism and metamorphism.
➔ are caused by forces from within or in the interior of the Earth.

. Primordial heat

the heat generated during the Earth’s formation

Radioactive heat

the heat generated by long-term radioactive decay

ACCRETION ENERGY

 heat from accretion and bombardment of the Earth during the early stages of formation
COLLISION → SEISMIC SHOCK →INTERNAL HEATING

ADIABATIC HEATING.

• when something is compressed, it causes to heat up
• As more particles accreted in planet, those at center squashed by growing gravitational load .

CORE FORMATION ENERGY

• The settling of Iron (Fe) to the center of Earth converts potential energy of iron to heat energy.

DECAY OF SHORT-LIVED RADIOISOTOPES

Early-solar system have isotopes such as Al26,
•Cl36, Fe60, with half-lives of approximately 0.3 Ma. Heat is released early in Earth's history as these isotopes decay

RADIOACTIVE HEAT

⦁ the heat that comes from the decay of radioactive elements rather than the leftover heat from Earth's formation

MANTLE CONVECTION

- is the movement of the mantle as heat is transferred from the core to the crust.
- The temperature of the mantle varies depending whether it is near the crust or near the boundary of the core.

METAMORPHISM

• Greek word “meta” means change and “morphe” means form.
• the change that takes place within a body of rock as a result of it being subjected to conditions that are different from those in which it is formed

• HEAT
• PRESSURE
• CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS

Metamorphism can involve changes in the physical and chemical properties of rocks in response to:

CONTACT METAMORPHISM

•The process where the country rock adjacent to the igneous intrusions is altered by the high heat coming from the intrusions.
•The zone of metamorphosis that surrounds the intrusions is called halo or aureole.
•Contact metamorphism produces nonfoliated rocks such as marble, quartzite, and hornfels

DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM

•the process where rocks along the fault zones are altered due to high pressure.
•The rocks that are formed with this type of metamorphism are called mylonites.
•Example is the dynamic metamorphism found San Andreas fault

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

•most common form of metamorphism that occurs in broad areas.
•Caused by large geologic processes such as orogenic event.
•These rocks when exposed to surface show the unbelievable pressure that cause the rocks to be bent and broken by the mountain building process.
•usually produces foliated rocks such as gneiss and schist

NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK

- is formed when heat is the main agent of metamorphism.
Generally,
- Are composed of a mosaic of roughly equidimensional and equi-granular minerals.

FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK

have layered or banded appearance produced by exposure to high temperatures and pressures.

• Convergent
• Divergent
• Transform

TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

TENSIONAL STRESS

Stretches the Rock

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

Squeezes the Rock

SHEAR STRESS

Results in slippage and translation

DEFORM

When rocks _______they are said to stress”

TENSIONAL STRESS

DIVERGENT =

COMPRESSIONAL STRESS

CONVERGENT =

SHEAR STRESS

TRANSFORM =

DUCTILE DEFORMATION

the strain is IRREVERSIBLE

ELASTIC DEFORMATION

The strain is REVERSIBLE

FRACTURE

IRREVERSIBLE strain where the MATERIAL BREAKS

ANTICLINE

Upward folds where the oldest rock is in the center
(older rock layers are exposed)

SYNCLINE

Downward curves which the youngest layer is in the center
(Younger rock layers are exposed)

MONOCLINE

Both side stay horizontal but one side is lower than other

DIP- SLIP FAULT

Is an inclined fracture where the rock mass above an inclined fault moves down.

REVERSE FAULT

Fault where the footwall is going downwards while the hanging wall is going up

NORMAL FAULT

Fault where the footwall is going upwards while the hanging wall is going down

STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

a fault on which the two blocks slide past one another. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a right lateral fault

STRATIGRAPHY

•Deals with description, correlation and interpretation of stratified rocks on or within Earth
•Study of the rock layers (strata)

STRATIFICATION

•also known as bedding
•layering that happens in sedimentary and igneous rocks formed at the Earth’s surface

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

•Oldest rock is the largest and heaviest rock settled at the bottom
•Youngest rock is the lightest and smallest rock at the top

LAW OF INCLUSIONS

•Inclusions (fragments contained in another rock) are older than the rock mass it is in

LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIP

•Fault or dike (a slab of rock cuts through another rock) are younger than the other.

LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

•Sedimentary rocks left undisturbed will remain in horizontal layers

LAW OF UNCONFORMITIES

•Erosion results in a gap in the rock record

LAW OF FAUNAL SUCCESSION

•Fossils occur in a definite, invariable sequence in Geological record

4.54 BILLION

EARTH IS ESTIMATED TO BE _______YEARS OLD, PLUS OR MINUS ABOUT 50 MILLION YEARS.

RELATIVE DATING

- determining the relative age of stratified rocks
- Places events or rocks in their chronological sequence
- Determines if one thing is younger or older than another
- Based upon the order of occurrence without knowing their actual age