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macromolecules
large, organic molecules made of thousands of atoms of carbon and other elements
what are carbohydrates made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
examples of carbohydrates
bread, pasta, candy, starch, glucose, sucrose
carbohydrate functions
immediate energy source
structural support in insects and plants
monosaccharides
simplest carbohydrate that’s made from 1 sugar molecule
serve as major fuel for cells and a raw material for building molecules
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose
polysaccharides
polymers that are made of 2+ sugar molecules
provides structure and energy storage
disaccharides
2 sugar molecules
what are lipids made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
lipid monomer
glycerol backbone and fatty acids
lipid examples
oils, candle wax, fats, steroids, phospholipids
lipid functions
long term energy storage
protection against heat loss
chemical messengers (hormones)
protection of internal organs
phospholipids
make up the cell membrane with 2 hydrophobic, fatty acid tails and 1 hydrophilic, phosphate head
create a bilayer that is the basic structure for all cell membranes
what are proteins made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
protein monomer
amino acids
protein examples
meat, beans, eggs, muscle, hair, nails, enzymes
protein functions
structural support
storage
transplant cellular communications
movement
defense against foreign substances
protein structure
20 amino acids that combine in infinite ways
sequence determines shape (form) of protein
“form dictates function”
polypeptides
small proteins with short amino acid chains
another way to say protein
primary structure
sequences of amino acids in a protein
determined by DNA sequence in nucleus
single gene that is affected changes 1 single amino acid in primary structure of hemoglobin
sickle-cell anemia
genetic disease that occurs when red blood cells are shape like crescents/sickles instead of saucers
not enough oxygen goes through body, making person very tired
what are nucleic acids made of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
nucleic acids monomer
nucleotide
nucleic acids examples
DNA, RNA
nucleic acids functions
store hereditary and pass on hereditary information in our genes
what are the chemical reactions of life
building molecules (synthesis and anabolic reaction)
breaking molecules (digestion and catabolic reaction)
what is an enzyme’s job
to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed
what do enzymes end in
-ase
lock and key model
shape of protein allows enzyme and substrate to fit
substrate
molecule that enzymes work on
products
what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
active site
part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into
what effects enzyme activity
temperature, pH, other substrates, and amount of enzymes
denatured
change in shape of enzyme, no longer works
cell theory
all living things are made of cells
basic unit of living things
cells come from pre-existing cells
properties of cells
carry out all properties of life
homeostasis
metabolism
reproduce and pass on DNA
all cells contain
plasma membrane for homeostasis
ribosomes from protein synthesis
cytosol for semi fluid substances
chromosomes for DNA
what happens to your cells as you grow
cells divide to maintain a certain surface area which helps it transport nutrients and waste
prokaryote
no nucleus
no membrane-bound organelles
DNA in nucleoid region
eukaryote
nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
DNA in nucleus
similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
cell membrane
ribosomes
cytosol/cytoplasm
nucleic acid
plant cells
cell wall
large central vacuole
chloroplast
contains plastids
animal cells
no cell wall
many smaller vacuoles
centrioles
lysosomes
similarities between plant and animal cells
nucleus with DNA
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
mitochondria
RER and SER
golgi bodies
endosymbiotic theory
chloroplasts and mitochondria were free-living prokaryotes until they were ingested and developed a mutualism relationship
cell membrane
all
controls what enters/exits cell
cell wall
plants and bacteria
supports and protects cell
cytoplasm
all
provides medium for chemical reactions to take place
jelly-like
vacuole
plants and animals
stores stuff with fluid-filled sacks
large in plants, small in animals
ribosome
all
synthesize (make) proteins
golgi
plants and animals
modify, sort, and package molecules from ER for storage or transport out of cell
rough ER
plants and animals
makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell
has ribosomes
smooth ER
plants and animals
makes membrane lipids and steroids and destroys toxic substances with liver
chloroplast
plants
uses photosynthesis to make food
mitochondria
plants and animals
generates cellular energy (ATP)
site of cellular respiration
nucleus
plants and animals
contains DNA in chromosomes
nucleolus
plants and animals
makes ribosomes
nuclear membrane/envelope
plants and animals
double membrane surrounding nucleus and protects DNA
centrioles
animals
helps with cell reproduction
lysosomes
animals
break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
contain digestive enzymes
cytoskeleton
plants and animals
helps cell maintain shape
nuclear pores
plants and animals
allows materials to enter/exit nucleus
cilia
plants and animals
hair-like thing that moves cells
flagella
all
tail-like thing that moves cells
acids
H+ ions
taste sour
can burn your skin
bases
OH- ions
taste bitter
feel slippery
buffers
weak acids/bases that react with strong ones to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
neutralization
mixing an acid and base to create water and salt
HCl + NaOH = H2O + NaCl
cell/plasma membrane functions
protection
regulate transport in and out of cell to maintain homeostasis
allow cell recognition and binding sites for enzymes
interlocking surfaces bind cells together
cell membrane components
carbs-cell identification
lipids-phospholipids and cholesterol
proteins-let things in
selectively permeable
membrane only allows some molecules to pass through
cholesterol function
helps keep membrane fluid and flexible to create fluid mosaic model
fluid mosaic model
phospholipids and proteins move side-to-side within layer and mosaic pattern produced by scattered protein molecules when membrane is viewed from above
peripheral/surface protein
found on outside of membrane
bind molecules to send message inside of the cell
integral/channel protein
goes all the way through the membrane
channel for things to go in and out of cell
pump things in and out of cell
carbohydrate function
help with cell recognition
glycoprotein
help with cell recognition
help cells interact or stick together
glycolipid
help with cell recognition
cytoskeleton filaments
long protein chains
help cell hold its shape
organelles and molecules can travel along chains
simple diffusion
molecules move from high to low concentration
no energy
with concentration gradient
osmosis
water diffuses across a cell membrane
high to low water potential (low to high solute)
no energy
with a concentration gradient
facilitated diffusion
for larger molecules that need help getting across the membrane
high to low concentration
no energy
with a concentration gradient
uses integral proteins in cell membrane
isotonic
no net movement
cell is at equilibrium
hypertonic
water moves out of cell
plasmolysis
hypotonic
water moves into cell
cytolysis
active transport
low to high concentration
requires energy/ATP
against concentration gradient
exocytosis
moving things out
requires energy
endocytosis/pinocytosis
bringing liquids into cell
requires energy
endocytosis/phagocytosis
bringing solids into cell
requires energy
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