Ultimate Midterm Chemistry Study Guide - 50/50% chance to pass

Liquid → Gas

Vaporzation

What is vaporization?

Endothermal, speeds up

Gas → Liquid

Condensation

What is condensation?

Exothermic, slowing down

Gas → Solid

Deposition

What is deposition?

Exothermic, slowing down

Solid → Gas

Sublimation

What is sublimation?

Speeds up, Endothermic

Solid → Liquid

Melting

What is melting?

Speeding up, endothermic

Liquid → solid

freezing

What is freezing?

slowing down, exothermic

What is a vapor? (Explain)

When you have to apply heat, different temperature in room

What is a gas? (Explain)

Same as temperature in the room, you can’t see it

What is evaporization? (Explain)

happens naturally, doesn’t have heat applied

what is vaporization? (Explain)

happens controlled, has heat applied

what happens with water boiling?

tries to become gas, gravity pushes it down, particles are moving and colliding, atmosphere pressure pushes it down, vapor pressure becomes stronger causes particles to go up (Once vapor pressure=atmosphere pressure=boiling point)

What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory?

The movement of particles explination

3 examples in the molecular theory

particle motion, size, energy

What is Particle Motion?

Moving in constant random motion in straight lines

What is Particle Size?

Compare small particle with the empty space in between a particle

Particle energy

Deals with mass and velocity

No matter solid liquid or gas they all have the same

Temperature

Strong metromolecular force leads to

Solid

name of diagram?

Heating and cooling diagram

Where is the boiling point?

100c

Where is the melting point?

0c

STP should be what

ST 0c

SP 1atm

Tripple point

where all 3 points meet

Where is gas?

iii

Where is liquid?

i

Where is solid?

ii

How to find boiling/freezing temperatures?

must hit the designated line

Critical point

critical temp and pressure is where water cannot coexist as a liquid (superficial state)

what is a superficial state?

substance behaving with properties both a liquid and a gas.

temp stays what during phase change?

the same

How does gas compression occur?

due to having a weak force they have no attraction to each other, being far apart and compressed.

How does a gas expand?

due to going in a straight constant random line until they collide with something, expanding everywhere.

Solid (What is this?)

defined volume and size, particles are still absolute, strong attraction

gas (what is this?)

undefined volume and size, separated by space, no attraction

liquid (what is this?)

indefined shape and volume, weaker attraction, higher energy

Air pressure

Particles in the air move in all directions pressure is exerted in all directions

When is pressure strong?

At surface

Do gas, liquid, and solid have the same kinetic energy?

Yes they have the same energy because of the temperature, but they have different masses and inter molecular force.

Physical change

The change of its appearance, but still has the same chemical compound

Chemical change

Change in its chemical compound; a new substance; a new chemical property

Indicators of chemical change

Color change, temperature, odor, formation, gas production, heat released, or light released

Chromatography (two or more dissolved liquid)

Most soluble substance moves castes, trying to figure out which is more pure (for example blue is more pure due to having no other color change.)

Decanting (solid → liquid)

Pour liquid off at the top carefully

Filtration (solid→liquids)

Uses a porous barrier

Filtration (solids → solids)

using a porous barrier

Magnetic properties

If it’s iron, nickle, colbat, etc you use magnets

Sublimation (solid→solid)

Can be used when once solid sublimates but others don’t

Ex; the solid would turn into a gas at its boiling point, which causes only 1 to go up. That’s how you seperate.

Fraction Distilation (liquid→ liquid)

Liquids together with boiling points that are closest together. If the boiling points are way off, start with the lowest boiling point and seperate them all.

Ex; the liquid would turn into a gas at its boiling point, which causes only 1 to go up. It then hits the cold part and it comdences, back to a liquid on the other part of the bottle.

Oversaturated (solid→liquid)

For example rock candy. You’d put a stick and remove all the certain particles as it attaches to a stick.

Distillation simple (solid → liquid)

Used on water with different (major) boiling points

Crystallization (solid→liquid)

Used on sugar (collecting all the sugar in the pot)

2 types of matter

Substance and mixture

What is substance

Pure, one element

What is mixture

Something with two or more substances mixed together (physically bonded)

Elements

It’s basic element (O, Fe)

Compound

Chemically bonded

(H2O)

Miscible

Gives a slut ion, one or more substances dissolve in the liquid; you won’t be able to tell if it’s a mixture

Immicible

You can tell it’s a mixture

When particles bounce off the wall…

They have the same elastic energy, not Lossing energy when bouncing off and staying the same

Why does air pressure increase as you move towards the center of the earth?

• Activity on the surface

• gravity pushing everything down

• particles collide into each other down there, and as they collide they create higher pressure.

Extensive

Mass, volume, length

Intensive

density, color, odor, melting boiling point, which are internal properties

what controls the phase of a substance

temperature and pressure

what is Bohrs Model?

Atomic mass?

A set of # due to total of isotope

Atomic number?

# of protons

Isotope?

Protons with different number as neutrons

Abundant isotope?

They appear the most (for example highway in the graph.)

What is the top?

Mass #

What is the bottom?

Atomic #

Why is protons and electrons the same #?

For they can stay neutral

What is the equation to find atomic mass?

Atomic # x % = atomic mass (amu)

How do you find a mass number? (Out of a lot of isotopes)

Do ur normal thing but set it up like an equation with the total mass out (seen in the periodic table)

Who created Bohrs Model?

Bohr

Who created Plum Pudding model?

Thompson

What did Rutherford find?

A nucleus in the center, where the proton is found. Did this by Gold foil.

What did Aristole do?

That atoms moved through a empty space, everything is made up of earth air Fire and Water

What did democritus do?

Made up of tiny particles, but could not prove it

What are the scientists discoveries in order?

Dulton

Thompson

Rutherford

Bohr

What did Dulton do?

Came up with the Dulton Atomic Theory

What is the Dulton Atomic Theory

All mater is made of atoms

Same items are identical

Atoms are indestructible

How do you find Mass Number?

Protons + neutrons

Radioactivity =

Nuclear Energy

Radioactivity does NOT =

Chemical reaction

Each orbital has a what?

Fixed amount of energy

What did Aufbau say?

Electrons should be placed at its lowest orbital

What did Paulixclusion say?

must have 2 electrons in the opposite side (like facing opposite direction)

What does Hunz Say?

Electrons in each orbital before paring

What is Electron configuration (definition)?

Arrangement of Electrons

What is electron configuration (write it down)

Ex: 1s²2s²

What is the electron dot structure?

( With X’s in Cambridge )

How do you release energy?

Jumping electrons release energy due to being excited, but then going to grown level. They release this in forms of waves.

What do protons determine?

type of Element

Atomic # =

Protons