Kant, Schopenhauer, and Locke: Ethics & Metaphysics

A set of flashcards covering key concepts from the philosophical thoughts of Kant, Schopenhauer, and Locke.

Kant’s moral philosophy

Moral actions depend on the maxim and motivation behind them.

categorical imperative

A command that applies universally, regardless of personal desires.

Kant’s moral philosophy

Moral actions depend on the maxim and motivation behind them.

categorical imperative

A command that applies universally, regardless of personal desires.

hypothetical versus categorical imperatives

Hypothetical imperatives are conditional commands, while categorical imperatives are unconditional.

lying according to Kant

Lying is always wrong because it cannot be universalized without contradiction.

Kant’s second formulation of the categorical imperative

Treat others as ends in themselves, not merely as a means to an end.

a priori knowledge

Knowledge that comes from reason alone, independent of experience.

duty versus philanthropy

Duty is derived from universal moral laws, while philanthropy comes from emotion or personal inclination.

Schopenhauer’s view on reality

Everything is 'will'—a blind, striving force that underlies existence.

definition of suffering by Schopenhauer

Suffering is inherent in life because desires create obstacles, leading to dissatisfaction.

Schopenhauer on happiness

Happiness is an illusion; fulfillment leads to more suffering.

Schopenhauer's view on art

Art provides partial liberation from suffering by allowing us to experience beauty beyond desire.

Dilemma of the Porcupine

A metaphor for human relationships—people need closeness but hurt each other, requiring politeness to maintain balance.

Schopenhauer's stance on suicide

He opposes it, believing it does not solve the fundamental suffering of existence.

definition of morality by Schopenhauer

Morality comes from seeing others' pain as one's own.

Locke’s state of nature

A condition where all people are free and equal before governments exist.

Locke on right to revolution

If a government violates natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it.

Locke's influence on modern democracy

He advocated for limited government, the social contract, and constitutionalism.

Locke on parental power

Children are subject to parental authority until they develop reason and independence.