Physical Science Test 1 Study Guide - Ch. 1 and 2

This is just a Gen. Ed. class test from UCA.

Measurement

Number + Unit

Meter/Length

Originated as the distance from the north pole to the equator as 10,000,000 meters, then changed to how far light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458s.

Kilo/Mass

Originally the kilogram was the mass of (0.10m)^3 of 1 liter of water, now the standard kilo is a platinum iridium cylinder kept at the French Bureau of Weights & Measures. (Water density - 1Kg/1L)

Second/Time

Original measurement was 1/86,400 part of a mean solar day (86,400s = 24 hours/day, 3600s/hour), now it is a certain number of oscillations of cesium 137 atoms.

Data

Measurement information used to describe objects, conditions, events, and changes.

Ratio

Analysis through quotations of 2 numbers.

Generalizations

A concept obtained by inference from specific cases.

Symbols

Represents quantities, measured properties.

Equations

Mathematical relationships between properties, define concepts, specify relations.

Laws

A statement describing what always happens under certain conditions.

Principals

A rule or mechanism by which specific scientific phenomena work.

Hypothesis

Tentative explanation for observation.

Experiment

Recreation of an event or occurrence to test hypothesis.

Controlled experiment

Control & experimental groups involved.

Scientific Communication

Ensures ideas are confirmed.

Pseudoscience

Misleading & often absurd claims of scientific results.

Theory

Based on hypothesis, experimental support, forms the framework.

Model

Collection of a theory to represent it.

Speed

Change in position with respect to time; 10 mi/hr, 10m/s, etc.

Vector

When both direction and magnitude are specified.

Scalar

When only magnitude is specified

Distance

10mi, 10km, 10m, etc.

Displacement

(Distance + Direction) 10mi east, 10km north, 10m south, etc.

Velocity

Describes speed and direction (where & how fast), graphical representation in vectors, length = magnitude; arrow = direction; (Speed + Direction) 10 mi/hr east, 10m/s south, etc.

Acceleration

Rate in which motion changes over time, speed or direction or both can change, can be negative.

Uniform Acceleration

Constant, straight-line acceleration; average velocity simply related to the initial and final velocity.

Force

A push or pull capable of changing an object's state of motion.

Gravitational force

Mass interactions

Electromagnetic force

Charge interactions

Weak force

Certain nuclear reactions

Strong force

Holds nuclei together

Inertia

Measure of an object's tendency to resist changes in motion (including rest).

Free Fall

An object thrown downward or upwards, a falling object is considered to be free falling if one disregards the effect of air-resistance.

Mass

Quantitative measure of inertia; the amount of matter.

Weight

Force of gravity acting on the mass of an object.

Impulse

A force acting on an object for some time; produces a change in momentum.

Conservation of Momentum

When outside forces are not present, the combined total of all objects does not change; can be exchanged.

Air Resistance

Prevents a falling object from reaching the speed it would have otherwise due to the acceleration due to gravity; it increases with speed.

Terminal Speed

When falling objects eventually reach a state when weight is balanced by the opposing force of air resistance; it depends on an object's shape, size, and mass.

Circular Motion

The movement of an object on a circular path; resulting accelerated motion (direction changing/centripetal acceleration).

Centripetal Force

A force that makes a body follow a curved path; acts on circular motion.

Centrifugal Force

Apparent outward tug as direction changes.

Significant figures

• Zeros are not significant after decimal (leading zeros) before non-zero numbers

• All non-zero numbers are significant

• Zeros after non-zero numbers in a decimal are significant

Percent error

The difference between estimated value and the actual value in comparison to the actual value and is expressed as a percentage.

Smallest division on a meter stick

Millimeter

Triple beam balance

An instrument used to measure mass very precisely.

Different instruments used in making measurements

Protractor, meter stick, triple beam balance, thermometer, ruler, scale, etc.

Weightlessness

Constant free fall, zero apparent weight, but weight is always present just not measurable.

Impulse Momentum Theorem

The the impulse applied to an object is equal to the change in its momentum.

𝒔 = 𝒅/𝒕

speed

𝒂 = Δ𝒗/Δ𝒕

acceleration

 𝒗 =  Δ𝒙/Δ𝒕

velocity

𝛒 = 𝒎/𝑽

density

 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

force

𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗

momentum

 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = 𝒎Δ𝒗/Δ𝒕 = Δ𝒑/Δ𝒕

𝑭𝒕 = 𝒎 * Δ𝒗

impulse

2𝛑r = c

circumfrence

 𝒗 = 𝒈𝒕 and 𝒅 = (.5)𝒈𝒕²

free fall

𝑭_C = 𝒎𝒂_C

𝒂_C = 𝒗²/𝒓

centripetal force & acceleration

 𝑭 = -𝑮 (𝑴𝒎/𝒓²)

Law of Gravitation

𝒈 v.s 𝑮

𝒈 = 9.80 m/s²

𝑮 = the universal gravitational constant

𝒗_f = 𝒗_i + (𝒂𝒕)

final velocity

𝑭_net = 𝒎𝒂

net force

speed formula in words

distance/time

acceleration formula in words

change in time/time interval

velocity formula in words

displacement/change in time

density formula in words

mass/volume

force formula in words

mass * acceleration

momentum formula in words

mass * velocity

impulse formula in words

change in momentum

force • time = mass • Δ velocity

free fall formula in words

gravity * time

Length

Meter

Mass

Kilogram

Time

Second

Electric Current

Ampere

Thermodynamic Temperature

Kelvin

Amount of Substance

Mole

Luminous Intensity

Candela

Meter

m

Kilogram

kg

Second

s

Ampere

A

Kelvin

K

Mole

mol

Candela

cd

Force

Neuton

Electric Charge

Coulomb

Celsius Temp.

Degree Celsius

Fahrenheit Temp

Degree Fahrenheit

Neuton

N

Coulomb

C

Degree Celsius

℃

Degree Fahrenheit

℉

10^12

Tera

10^9

Giga

10^6

Mega

10³

Kilo

10²

Hecto

10^1

Deka

10^-1

Deci