US History II Final

US Neutrality

Woodrow Wilson attempted to find a diplomatic solution to the war, and to keep the US neutral. The US did trade with allied forces, until unrestricted submarine warfare. The US remained neutral for 2 years of the war.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. Prevented the US from selling weapons or materials to nations.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Atlantic Charter

Goals for the world after WWII issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941

Adolph Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany

Nazism

National socialism. In practice a far-right wing ideology (with some left-wing influences) that was based largely on racism and ultra-nationalism.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Francisco Franco

Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.

Burma Road

Route by which the US was sending munitions to the Chinese who were resisting the Japanese. 700-mile-long road linking Burma and China

Czechoslovakia

1939 Hitler occupies Czechoslovakia and violates Munich Agreement.

Neville Chamberlain

Great British prime minister who advocated peace and a policy of appeasement

Appeasement

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

Non-aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Dunkirk

A city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire.

Vichy Government

new French government formed that was pretty much an acceptance of defeat, formed by Petain, it was ruled by the Nazis who were progressively taking over Europe

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Winston Churchill

Japanese invasion of Manchuria

japan seized manchuria because japanese believed that japans empire should be equal to the size of the western powers empire

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Invasion of Poland

Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II

Fall of France

France and Britain created a Maginot Line, which is a system of fortifications along France's eastern border. The Germans rode through an area of wooded ravines in northeast France, completely avoiding the blockade. Then Germans marched to Paris and trapped the soldiers; soon Hitler gave them terms of peace.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Office of War Mobilization

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

War production

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Casablanca Conference

A wartime conference held at Casablanca, Morocco that was attended by de Gaulle, Churchill, and FDR. The Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of the axis, agreed to aid the Soviets, agreed on the invasion Italy, and the joint leadership of the Free French by De Gaulle and Giraud.

Europe First Strategy

It was a strategy used to make Germany fight a two front war. Implemented because Roosevelt saw Germany as their biggest and long term threat.

Battle of Stalingrad

Unsuccessful German attack on the city of Stalingrad during World War II from 1942 to 1943, that was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Wannsee Conference

A January 1942 conference during which Nazi officials decided to implement the "final solution" to the "Jewish question"—a euphemism for the extermination of European Jews and other minorities at concentration camps in eastern Europe.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

a revolt that took place in April 1943 in the Warsaw Ghetto when the Germans attempted to deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka. The defense forces fought the Germans for 27 days before the ghetto was destroyed

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Philippines (WWII)

resisted Japanese forces; remained loyal to US; US more willing to give freedom;;, became independent

Douglas MacArthur

United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

African Americans in WWII

Migrated north for jobs but dealt with lots of segregation, blacks were drafted but weren't ranked higher than service branches, increase of NAACP membership and formation of Congress of Racial Equality

Native Americans in WWII

Many moved out of reservations for work or served in military as "code talkers"; translated messages into their native language so enemy couldn't understand, mainly Comanche and Navajo tribes

Women in WWII

took on new roles in the workforce, such as flying airplanes and doing jobs men would usually do because the men were off at war

Fair Employment Practices Commission

FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

Numenburg Trials

the court proceedings held in Germany after WWII, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Postwar division of Germany

Germany was divided into four occupied zones: Great Britain in the northwest, France in the southwest, the United States in the south and the Soviet Union in the east.

Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1933-1945; elected four times during the Great Depression and World War II. Associated with a New Deal to help end the Depression.

William Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Progressive beliefs

Progressives believed government should solve social problems and pushed for government regulation of big business to protect the rights of workers and consumers, such as zoning laws to alleviate crowded urban developments and labor laws such as child labor and worker's compensation.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Trustbusting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts.

1902 Coal Strike

in Pennsylvania coal miners struck for higher wages shorter working day an unions it was growing near to winter and there was no agreement made so Roosevelt stepped in and urged both sides to agree to a arbitration later the agreed to higher pay shorter work days but no union

Child labor laws

most states passed minimum working age laws and prohibited children from working more than 10 hours per day, but enforcement was difficult to achieve.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Sufferage

the right to vote

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Cause of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

System of Alliances

a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I.

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

No Man's Land

Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's Policy of sinking ships with their U-boats, enemy or neutral, that carry war material

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

Vladmir Lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks who overthrew the Russian czar; the start of communism in Russia

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Article 10

part of the League of Nations that said that if any nation was attacked, the other countries in the treaty would defend them; the US did not join the League of Nations because of it

German Reparations

A source of 1920s economic imbalances, the agreement that Germany had to pay for damages from WWI

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Women in the 1920s

flappers, women began to assert their independence and demand equal freedoms to men

Babe Ruth

He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Radio in the 1920s

It brought the outside world into the homes of average families. Everyone wanted a radio and the boom of popularity for the radio happened in the 1920s.

Mass media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

Movies in the 1920s

The film audience grew from 40 million in 1922 to over 100 million by 1930. The advent of sound to motion pictures or "talkies" created nationwide interest. Concern over moral standards and a scandal involving the comedian Fatty Arbuckle led studio owners to create the Hays Office to enforce strict censorship on anything in films likely to offend audiences or politicians.

Vaudeville

Type of entertainment that was popular during the 1920's. Featured special acts like comedy, dances, and songs

Jazz

a style of music characterized by the use of improvisation

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups