Birds

Aves

what is the class birds

Single occipital condyle, single ear ossicle, other skeletal characters, nucleated red blood cells, nesting behavior, endothermy

What are some of the characteristics that birds share with reptiles?

Saurischian (Theropods)

What lineage of dinosaur do birds come from

35

How many orders of aves are there

plumage

What is a birds covering of feathers

Flight, insulation, courtship, incubation, waterproofing

What are the uses of feathers

Pennaceous and plumulaceous

What are two different types of feathers

Flight and contour

What are the two types of pennaceous feathers

asymmetrical

Are flight feathers asymmetrical or symmetrical

Waterproofing, insulation, streamlining

What are the functions of contour feathers

preening

What keeps clean and harmuli hooked while adding oil form uropygial glan

Anting

What is it called when rubbing ants into feathers where formic acid toxic to feather mites off of the feathers

irregularities on surface that reflect white

Where does feather pigmentation come from

Lightweight and strong

has large air spaces and internal strutting

How is the birds skeleton unique

Reduced number of skull bones

bill replaces teeth

What is different about a birds skull

Nesting and feeding young

What are bill and flexible neck used in

Pelvic girdle, vertebral column, and ribs

What is strengthened for flight

Pygostyle

what is the fuse caudal vertebrae

keeled sternum and furcula

Where are the flight muscles attached

Perching tendons

What type of feet to birds have

Many mitochondria producing ATP

What flight adaptations are there for birds

A streamlined body that is capable of generating significantly more lift than drag

What is airfoil

It balances, steers, and brakes

What does the tail do in airfoil (during flight)

Gliding, flapping, soaring, hovering

What types of flight are there

rapid metabolic rates

What do higher rates of food consumption support

bill modifications

What is special about how birds eat

Crop

What is stored in the digestive tract

Proventriculus, Ventriculus

What makes up the stomach

Proventriculus

What secrets gastric juices

Gizzard

What grinds up food

Completely separated atria and ventricles

what results in separate pulmonary and systemic circuits

Sinus venosus

What serves as a peacemaker

Flight and endothermy

Very rapid heart rates and separate pulmonary and systemic circuits support what

Syrinx

What makes vocalizations

Bronchi

What leads to air sacs

lungs

What are small air tubes that function in gas exchange

Occupy much of body, extend into bones

what do bronchi do

Move each volume of air through the lungs

What do the two respiratory cycles do

Efficient gas exchange

What does uninterrupted airflow through parabronchi with both inspiration and expiration promote

Between 38 and 45

What is a bird’s body temperature

Heat conservations

What are fluffing feathers decreases heat loss, tucking bill into feathers, countercurrent heat exchange in legs all a part of?

heat generation

Some decrease temperature at night, shivering, muscular activity are a part of what

Enlarged forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

What parts make up the brain?

Corpus striatum

What serves the purpose of visual learning, feeding, courtship, and nesting

Pineal body

What part of the brain does ovarian development and responses to light and dark periods

Midbrain

What functions in sensory input for visual processing

Hindbrain

What functions in motor coordination, regulation of heart, and respiratory rates

Lens and cornea

What two things curve to make the double focusing mechanism

Retina

Rods and cones, two foveae make up what

Search and pursuit

What are the two types of fovea

Sight with two eyes

What is binocular vision

Sight with one eye

What is monocular vision

smell

What does olfaction mean

yes, like humans

Do birds have ears

Cloaca

Where is uric acid stored

Cloaca

What promotes water conservation and embryo development in terrestrial environments

Supraorbital salt glands

What do birds secrete excess sault through

The large ostium

When the left ovary develops what does it release the eggs to?

Albumen

What is secreted by oviduct

fertilized egg

What does the shell gland secrete the shell around

Territories and courtship

What reproductive concept is common in birds

monogamous

One mate

polygynous

one male, multiple female mates

polyandrous

One female, multiple male mates

Clutch

What is a group of bird eggs

Altricial

What nesting activity is entirely dependent on parents and hatching

precocial

What nesting activity is relatively independent at hatching

Migration

What are periodic round trips between breeding and nonbreeding areas

Species-specific physiological conditions

What is migration a response to

Route-based and location-based

What are the two types of navigation

Route-based navigation

What uses landmarks on outward journey used to guide return trip

Location-based navigationbi

What uses suncompasses, other celestial cues, the earth’s magnetic field