Myers Psychology for AP 3e Unit 01 Flashcards

critical thinking

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 4)

empiricism

the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 7)

structuralism

an early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 7)

functionalism

an early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 8)

introspection

the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 8)

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 10, 272)

humanistic psychology

a historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 11)

Module 02 - Today's Psychology and Its Approaches

cognitive psychology

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 13)

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 13, 124)

psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 13)

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 14)

natural selection

the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 14, 141)

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior -nd the mind, using principles of natural selection. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 14, 141)

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 14, 129)

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 15, 789)

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 16, 473)

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 17)

behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 17)

biological psychology

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 17)

psychodynamic psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 18)

social-cultural psychology

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 18)

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 20, 335)

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 20)

Module 03 - Subfields of Psychology

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 24)

personality psychology

the study of individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 24)

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 24)

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 24, 486)

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e pp. 25, 768)

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

human factors psychology

a field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who are licensed to provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups. (Myers Psychology for AP 3e p. 25)