Mood disorders and suicide

What are the two key moods involved in mood disorders?

Depression (feelings of sadness and dejection) and mania (feelings of excitement and euphoria).;

What is the defining characteristic of unipolar depressive disorders?

The person experiences only depressive episodes, without any history of manic or hypomanic episodes.;

What is the defining characteristic of bipolar and related disorders?

The person experiences both depressive and manic (or hypomanic) episodes.;

To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a person must have experienced a major depressive episode and never have had a , , or _ episode.

manic, hypomanic, or mixed;

Persistent Depressive Disorder was formerly known as what?

Dysthymic disorder or dysthymia.;

For an adult to be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder, they must have a persistently depressed mood for more days than not for at least how long?

Two years.;

What is the primary personality variable that serves as a major vulnerability factor for depression?

Neuroticism, which is a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.;

According to Beck's cognitive theory, what is the relationship between cognitive and affective symptoms in depression?

The cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective (mood) symptoms.;

What are the three components of Beck's negative cognitive triad?

Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.;

In Beck's theory, what is the term for the underlying rigid and counterproductive beliefs that act as a vulnerability for depression?

Depressogenic schemas.;

What type of cognitive bias is demonstrated by the tendency to think in extremes, such as seeing events as either all good or all bad?

Dichotomous or all-or-none reasoning.;

What cognitive bias involves focusing on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other, more salient features?

Selective abstraction.;

What cognitive bias involves jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence?

Arbitrary inference.;

In Seligman's experiments, what phenomenon was observed when dogs exposed to uncontrollable shocks later failed to escape shocks even when it was possible?

Learned helplessness.;

The hopelessness theory of depression posits that a pessimistic attributional style in conjunction with a negative life event is not enough to produce depression unless the person first experiences a state of _.

hopelessness;

According to attribution theory, what three types of attributions do depression-prone individuals tend to make for negative events?

Internal, stable, and global.;

What is the term for the tendency to compulsively focus attention on the symptoms of one's distress, and on its possible causes and consequences?

Rumination.;

How do men and women typically differ in their response to a depressed mood, according to rumination theory?

Women are more likely to ruminate, while men are more likely to engage in distraction.;

What sleep pattern abnormality is a common biological marker for depression?

Early REM onset, more intense REM sleep, and less deep sleep.;

What is the term for a cyclical mood disorder that is less severe than full-blown bipolar disorder, involving hypomanic and depressive episodes that don't meet full criteria?

Cyclothymic Disorder.;

What is the minimum duration for the pattern of mood changes required for a diagnosis of Cyclothymic Disorder?

At least two years.;

What is the likelihood of a subsequent depressive episode after one major depressive episode?

Approximately 50%.;

After experiencing two major depressive episodes, what is the chance of having a third?

Approximately 70%.;

After three major depressive episodes, the likelihood of another episode increases to what percentage?

Approximately 90%.;

What is the primary difference between a manic episode and a hypomanic episode?

Mania causes marked impairment or hospitalization; hypomania does not.;

A manic episode must last at least how long?

One week.;

A hypomanic episode must last at least how many consecutive days?

Four.;

Which symptom of mania involves an inflated sense of self-worth or power?

Grandiosity.;

Racing thoughts or pressured speech are symptoms of what condition?

Mania or hypomania.;

Excessive involvement in risky activities is a key symptom of what?

A manic episode.;

Why is compliance with Lithium often a problem in bipolar disorder treatment?

Patients may miss manic or hypomanic feelings and stop medication.;

When is Postpartum Depression diagnosed?

During pregnancy or within 4 weeks after delivery.;

What is the term for a mild mood disturbance after childbirth lasting a few days?

Baby blues.;

What rare postpartum condition involves psychotic symptoms?

Postpartum psychosis.;

What is the definition of suicide?

Death resulting from an intentional self-inflicted act.;

What is the definition of a suicide attempt?

Intentional self-harm with desire to die that does not result in death.;

How is non-suicidal self-injury different from a suicide attempt?

There is no desire to die.;

What is the strongest predictor of future suicide?

A previous suicide attempt.;

What is the suicide rate ratio for men compared to women?

Approximately 4:1 (men higher).;

Who attempts suicide more often, men or women?

Women.;

Why is suicide not considered a free choice psychologically?

The person is in an unbearable mental state that distorts judgment.;

What is ambivalence in suicidality?

Simultaneously wanting to die and wanting relief from pain.;

What neurochemical is often low in people who die by suicide?

Serotonin.;

What inherited trait increases suicide risk rather than suicidality itself?

Impulsivity and aggression.;

What did Golden Gate Bridge survivors report after jumping?

Immediate regret and not wanting to die.;

What is the goal of Behavioral Activation Treatment?

Increase engagement and positive reinforcement.;

What does Interpersonal Therapy focus on?

Current relationship problems and interaction patterns.;

What provides immediate crisis support for suicidal individuals?

Suicide hotlines.;

What are two key features of a suicidal mental state?

Loneliness/disconnection and unbearable psychological pain.;

What communication approach is recommended in acute suicidal crisis?

Empathy followed by confrontation of suicide as the only option.;

Which psychological disorders are major suicide risk factors?

Mood disorders and borderline personality disorder.;

What demographic factors increase suicide risk?

Male gender, immigration stress, sexual orientation difficulties.;

What is the difference between independent and dependent life events?

Independent events are outside control; dependent events are partly self-caused.;

How many people die by suicide globally each year?

Approximately 800,000.;

Which age group has the highest suicide rate globally?

Ages 70 and older.;

What therapy stabilizes daily routines to prevent mood episodes?

Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy.;

What medication stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder and reduces suicide risk?

Lithium.;

Symptoms of Unipolar Depression must cause significant what?

Distress or impairment.;

MDD diagnosis requires the person has never had what?

A manic or hypomanic episode.;

PMDD symptoms must be present in most what?

Menstrual cycles.;

What brain structure shows increased activity in depression?

The amygdala.;

What is excessive reassurance seeking?

Repeatedly seeking comfort, leading to social rejection.;

Crisis intervention aims to help patients see better what?

Coping options.;

How many manic symptoms are required if mood is elevated vs irritable?

Three if elevated; four if irritable.;

Which therapy tracks pleasure and mastery during activities?

Behavioral Activation Treatment.;

Suicide concordance is higher in which twins?

Identical twins compared to fraternal twins.;

What controversy followed removal of the bereavement exclusion in DSM-5?

Pathologizing normal grief.;

The multiple inner voices in suicidality are called what?

The Parliament of the Soul.;

What is the feeling of being trapped with no escape called?

Tunnel vision (cognitive constriction).