BIOL101: Ch.3 - The Molecules of Life

Carbon and hydrogen

If a molecule is organic it will have _____ and ______

Native State

Is the specific, functional three-dimensional structure a protein or nucleic acid naturally folds into, allowing it to perform its biological role inside a cell

Both

Which can return to its native state: organic or inorganic?

Organic

If a molecule has the chemical formula CH4 is it organic or inorganic?

Inorganic

If a molecule has the chemical formula NH3 is it organic or inorganic?

Inorganic

Is CO2 organic or inorganic?

Carbon tends to share electrons rather than donate or receive which is why we can make a lot of different structures

What makes carbon molecules versatile as molecular ingredients?

One stick symbolizes one single bond; one pair of electrons (2)

When you see one stick connecting two chemical elements like this C-C what does that mean? How many electrons are being shared?

Double bond; 2 pairs of electrons (4)

When you see two sticks connecting two chemical elements like this C=C what does that mean? How many electrons are being shared?

Hydrocarbon

If a molecule is made of just carbon and hydrogen, what is it called?

Functional Group

A combination of atoms attached to the carbon backbone which always reacts in the same way

Hydroxyl Group

Which functional group is this: OH?

Alcohol

What property does OH confer to the molecule?

Carboxyl Group

Which functional group is this: COOH?

Acid

What property does COOH confer to the molecule?

Donates H+ which decreases the pH in solution

What makes COOH an acid?

Amino Group

Which functional group is this: NH2?

Amine

What property does NH2 confer to the molecule?

Phosphate Group

Which functional group is this: PO4?

Strong negative charge

What property does PO4 confer to the molecule?

Amino and carboxyl group

Which two functional groups are found on an amino acid?

Isomer

Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

No, they don’t have the same chemical formula

Are these two chemicals isomers?

Two subunits

How many monomers in a dimer?

Dehydration synthesis

Which reaction builds polymers?

Hydrolysis

Which reaction breaks down polymers?

H2O

What is removed during dehydration synthesis?

H2O

What is added during hydrolysis?

Hydrolysis

Which reaction releases energy?

Dehydration synthesis

Which reaction requires the addition of energy?

The enzymes bring the two monomers close together

Why do enzymes speed up hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis reactions?

Carbohydrate

Which organic molecule has CHO in a ratio 1:2:1?

Lipid

Which organic molecule has CHO but many more C than O?

Proteins

Which organic molecule will contain CHON?

Nucleic Acids

Which organic molecule will contain CHONP?

Lipid

A molecule has the formula C10H20O2, what is it?

Carbohydrate

A molecule has the formula C6H12O6, what is it?

C6H12O6

Glucose, fructose and galactose all have the same chemical formula, what is it?

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Dexoyribose

What are the 5 monomers of carbohydrates?

Is for energy

What is the function of glucose?

Is for energy

What is the function of fructose?

Is for energy

What is the function of galactose?

C6H12O6

What is the chemical formula for Glucose, Fructose, Galactose?

Blood and cells

Where is glucose found?

Fruit

Where is fructose found?

Milk

Where is galactose found?

Heredity

What is the function for ribose?

C5H10O5

What is the chemical formula for ribose?

Heredity

What is the function for deoxyribose?

RNA

Where is ribose found?

DNA

Where is deoxyribose found?

C5H10O4

What is the chemical formula for deoxyribose?

Glucose and fructose

Sucrose is made of _____ and _____

Glucose and galactose

Lactose is made of ____ and _____

Glucose and glucose

Maltose is made of _____ and _____

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are the disaccharides?

Plants

Where is sucrose found?

Milk

Where is lactose found?

Degradation of starch

Where is maltose found?

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

What are the 4 polysaccharides?

Dehydration reaction

What process is used to join two monosaccharides to make a disaccharide?

plants

Starch is the energy storage molecule of _____

animals

Glycogen is the short term energy storage molecule of _____

plant cell walls

Cellulose is a structural molecule in ______

different cell types (exoskeleton, shell, cell walls)

Chitin is a structural molecule in __________

Fat

What is the long term energy storage molecule in animals?

Hydrophobic

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

What are the building blocks of a triglyceride?

Have double bonds, bend at every bond, liquid, don’t “stack” well, are healthier

What are the characteristics of an unsaturated fatty acid?

Have single bonds, straight chains, solid, “stack” well, unhealthy

What are the characteristics of a saturated fatty acid?

Solid

Are saturated fats solid or liquid at room temperature?

Saturated

Which are more unhealthy? Saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated

Saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

Saturated

Saturated or unsaturated fatty acid?

Cholesterol

What is the precursor for all steroids?

In phospholipids, there is a glycerol with 2 fatty acids and in triglycerides, there is a glycerol with 3 fatty acids

How does a phospholipid differ from a triglyceride?

The head

Which part of a phosphor lipid is hydrophilic?

The tail

Which part of a phosphor lipid is hydrophobic?

C

What is the correct organization of phospholipids in a plasma membrane?

Sensing light, defending cells against viruses, breaking food polymers into smaller molecules, changing the shape of a cell

List some functions of proteins.

Amino acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

Polar, nonpolar, and charged

What are the bonds proteins (or amino acids) form with each other

Carboxyl and amino

What are the 2 functional groups found in amino acids?

Primary Structure

Which level has a straight chain of AA?

Secondary Structure

Which level do alpha helix and beta sheet form?

Tertiary Structure

Which level does the 3D structure emerge?

Quaternary

Which level do several polypeptides come together to make a protein?

Condensation

What term describes the reaction that occurs when 2 amino acid monomers are covalently linked together, forming a peptide bond?

Peptide bonds

What type of bonds join amino acids together to form the primary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen bonds

What type(s) of interaction mediate protein secondary structure?

Molecular chaperone

What is the name of the protein that monitors folding?

Prions

What are misfolded proteins called?

The substitution of one amino acid for another at a particular position in hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries oxygen, causes this disease

Describe sickle cell anemia.

One

How many amino acids are “wrong” in sickle cell anemia?

Causes protein to fold into different shape

How is the hemoglobin protein affected by this tiny change?

Applying heat and changing the pH

What are 2 ways to denature a protein?

No

Does a denatured protein work correctly?

Nucleotides

The monomers of nucleic acids are called:

Five carbon sugar, deoxyribose (DNA), ribose (RNA)

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is present in DNA?