Crim 7 - 8, White-Collar, Corporate, and Organized Crime: Key Concepts and Law Enforcement

What event occurred on April 15, 2013, in Boston?

The Boston Marathon bombing, where two homemade bombs exploded at the finish line.

How many people were killed in the Boston Marathon bombing?

Three people were killed.

What was the outcome for the Tsarnaev brothers after the bombing?

Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed in a shootout with police, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was captured and sentenced to death.

What was the major law enforcement action taken during the manhunt for the Tsarnaev brothers?

A 20-block area in Boston was shut down, and residents were asked to stay inside.

What does the Crime Control Model emphasize?

The need for public safety and order, often at the expense of individual freedoms.

What is a key characteristic of the Due Process Model?

It emphasizes the importance of individual constitutional rights and proper legal procedures.

What are three-strikes laws associated with?

The Crime Control Model, which imposes severe penalties for repeat offenders.

What is a disadvantage of the Crime Control Model?

It can lead to harsh sentences for minor offenses and hinder rehabilitation.

What is a disadvantage of the Due Process Model?

It can slow down the judicial process and may lead to an increase in minor crimes.

What historical policing method involved night watchmen?

The night watchmen of the colonial era, who patrolled neighborhoods in the 1600s and 1700s.

What led to the creation of professional police forces in the early 20th century?

Reform movements aimed at reducing local political control and increasing neutrality in policing.

Who was August Vollmer?

A reformer who believed in the moral influence of police and helped create a separate juvenile justice system.

What was the impact of Prohibition on policing?

It highlighted the need for a professional police force due to the rise of organized crime.

What is the primary goal of the Crime Control Model?

To ensure swift justice and strong punishments to deter crime.

What does due process aim to prevent?

The punishment of innocent individuals and wrongful convictions.

What is a common criticism of the Crime Control Model?

It often prioritizes efficiency over justice, potentially leading to injustices.

What is a common criticism of the Due Process Model?

It may prioritize individual rights at the expense of public safety.

What was the role of early police in the United States?

To prevent crime without formal investigations and often influenced by local politics.

What is the significance of the Boston Marathon bombing in the context of policing?

It illustrates the tension between public safety and individual rights during crises.

What does the term 'decentralized policing' refer to?

A system where police departments lack central authority and operate independently.

What is the relationship between public concern over crime and the popularity of the Crime Control Model?

The Crime Control Model tends to gain popularity during times of high public concern about crime.

What is the primary focus of the Due Process Model?

To ensure that all legal procedures are followed to protect individual rights.

What is the outcome for Dzhokhar Tsarnaev after his trial?

He was sentenced to death, and his case was upheld by the Supreme Court.

What does the term 'public safety' encompass in the context of policing?

The protection of citizens from crime and maintaining order in society.

What is the impact of video footage in identifying suspects during the Boston Marathon bombing?

It played a crucial role in quickly identifying the Tsarnaev brothers.

What is the balance that law enforcement seeks to achieve?

A balance between protecting public safety and upholding individual rights.

What does the Due Process Model oppose regarding sentencing policies?

It opposes policies like three-strikes laws that impose severe penalties without considering the nature of the crime.

What model did the FBI establish for policing?

A neutral authority with a focus on investigation.

What significant changes occurred in policing during the civil rights movements of the 1960s and 1970s?

Increased standards for hiring and more defined procedures across departments.

What is community policing?

A strategy where police departments form relationships with communities to maintain order.

What theory encourages addressing minor crimes to maintain safe neighborhoods?

The broken windows theory of policing.

How did the 9-11 attacks impact law enforcement focus?

It shifted the focus to terrorism and security concerns.

What has increased attention to police violence in recent years?

The rise of cell phone cameras and social media.

What technology is used by police to document interactions?

Body-worn cameras.

How are police departments using social media?

As a tool for outreach and to create dialogue with communities.

What is predictive policing?

Using data and computer analysis to determine where police patrols are needed.

Why is awareness of mental health issues important in modern law enforcement?

It helps officers improve communication and interactions with the public.

What specialized training can benefit police officers working with individuals with disabilities?

Training on managing communication and understanding behavioral challenges.

What has led to communities having a stronger voice in policing?

The evolution of policing to adapt to the values of the community it serves.

What is the primary goal of police patrols?

To prevent crimes from occurring.

What behaviors might indicate a driver is impaired?

Struggling to stay in lanes, tailgating, or stopping for no reason.

What should officers assess when pulling over a vehicle?

The risk in the situation and gather information about the vehicle and occupants.

What are common reasons for pulling over a vehicle?

Obvious safety issues, moving violations, or lack of proper registration.

What must officers have to pull over a vehicle?

A valid reason based on a violation of state laws and regulations.

What signs might indicate a driver is under the influence?

Bloodshot eyes, a flushed face, or a dazed look.

What behaviors might intoxicated drivers exhibit?

Argumentative or obnoxious behavior, slurred speech, or difficulty focusing.

What is the role of patrol officers in crime prevention?

To maintain a visible presence and deter crime in areas known for criminal activity.

How do police departments respond to community concerns about accountability?

By implementing technology such as body-worn cameras.

What is the impact of social media on policing?

It raises awareness of police conduct and keeps issues of race and policing in the public eye.

What is a common pattern for patrol coverage?

Covering an area in a systematic pattern, often starting from the center and moving outward.

What is one of the challenges faced by law enforcement regarding individuals with disabilities?

Those with disabilities are often overrepresented in the justice system.

What is a key benefit of standardized police procedures?

It makes it easier to hold officers accountable for their actions.

What is the relationship between police and communities expected to be in modern law enforcement?

Collaborative, with a focus on building trust and addressing community needs.

What are common signs of intoxication in individuals?

Signs include argumentative or obnoxious behavior, slurred or loud speech, repetition of statements, and difficulty staying awake or focusing.

What is a field sobriety test?

An assessment of a person's balance and coordination performed by an officer to determine if they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

What methods can measure a person's alcohol levels?

Breathalyzers and blood tests.

Under what circumstances might an officer use handcuffs?

During an arrest, while investigating a situation, or when executing a search warrant.

What must happen if a person is handcuffed but not arrested?

They must be released once the investigation is complete.

What is the initial step in the handcuffing process?

Verbal commands to position the individual correctly.

What is the proper hand position for handcuffing?

Hands behind the back with palms facing each other or back to back.

What is the importance of safety at the scene for law enforcement officers?

To ensure the safety of the officer and the public during incidents.

What should officers do during a traffic stop to ensure safety?

Be mindful of traffic hazards, keep an eye on the person's hands, and call for backup if necessary.

What are physical restraint techniques used for?

To keep both the officer and the public safe during aggressive situations.

What is the standard procedure for searching a vehicle?

Officers can search the passenger area if they have reasonable cause or a search warrant.

What is required to search a building or home?

A search warrant or permission from the owner.

What safety measures are taken at accident scenes?

Officers must be aware of their surroundings, direct traffic, and wear high-visibility safety vests.

What is the role of radio communication in law enforcement?

To allow officers to communicate with dispatchers and each other for safety and coordination.

What is the definition of 'use of force' in law enforcement?

The amount of effort required to gain compliance over an unwilling individual.

What are de-escalation techniques?

Methods used to reduce tension in a situation without using physical force.

Why is de-escalation important for law enforcement?

It gives officers more time to respond and assess the situation.

What should officers report to dispatch after completing a call?

Their location, status, and availability to handle the next call.

What is the significance of using coded language in radio communication?

To communicate quickly and efficiently while keeping the channel clear.

What happens if an officer finds no cause for arrest during a traffic stop?

The person must be released after the stop is complete.

What is the first step in a search of a building?

Clearing the house of anyone present.

What should officers do if they suspect a vehicle's occupants might be dangerous?

Bring in additional officers for safety.

What is the purpose of using road flares and traffic cones at accident scenes?

To alert passing traffic to the presence of an accident site.

What is the protocol for emergency vehicles at an accident scene?

Keep emergency lights on and park at a 45-degree angle.

What is the role of dispatchers in law enforcement?

To communicate essential information about situations to officers.

What is the training requirement for law enforcement officers regarding procedures?

They must master procedures before working independently with the public.

What is the goal of law enforcement training in safety protocols?

To ensure officers can safely handle various situations and protect themselves and the public.

What should officers do when approaching a vehicle during a traffic stop?

Be cautious of traffic and watch the hands of the occupants.

What is the significance of having a search warrant?

It legally permits officers to search a property or vehicle.

What is the protocol for handling aggressive individuals during an incident?

They may be handcuffed and ordered to stay in place while the officer assesses the situation.

What is a key tactic for de-escalating tension between officers and the public?

Treating members of the public with respect and clear communication.

What does the use of force continuum define?

The levels of force and when they should be used by law enforcement officers.

What is the first level of the use of force continuum?

Officer presence, where no force is required.

What is the second level of the use of force continuum?

Verbalization, starting with requests and escalating to commands.

What does 'empty hand control' refer to in law enforcement?

Physical control tactics that do not involve a weapon, such as restraint holds.

What are 'less lethal methods' in law enforcement?

Tools like tasers, tear gas, or rubber bullets intended to stop a person without killing them.

When is lethal force justified in law enforcement?

When a person is clearly a threat to the officer or another person.

What Supreme Court case set the standard for use of force in law enforcement?

Graham v. Conner in 1989.

What three standards for use of force were established by the Supreme Court in Graham v. Conner?

1. Reasonableness from the officer's perspective, 2. Active threat representation, 3. Resisting arrest.

What is civil liability in the context of law enforcement?

The responsibility to pay damages for harm done, which can cost taxpayers.

What organization monitors the use of force in law enforcement as of 2019?

The FBI.

What is a fundamental principle of gun safety for law enforcement officers?

Always assume a weapon is loaded and keep it pointed in a safe direction.

What is required for a career in law enforcement regarding education?

Generally, a high school education is required, but a two or four-year degree is increasingly preferred.

What physical requirement is necessary for law enforcement applicants?

Excellent physical fitness, including passing a medical exam and fitness tests.

What psychological evaluation is part of the law enforcement hiring process?

A psychological evaluation to ensure candidates have a strong desire to serve.

What moral quality is essential for those in law enforcement?

Strong morals and a history of good character, including no criminal record.

What is the importance of ethics in policing?

Ethics guide behavior and are crucial for protecting rights and building public trust.