BMS 302 12

A Calorie or kilocalorie unit is used to measure food energy and is equal to the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a __________ of water by ______________.

kilogram; 1^o Centigrade

The cells of the body can only utilize:

chemical energy in the form of ATP

Which of the following statements best describes the approximate efficiency of the body in utilizing energy?

initially 80% converted to thermal energy, 20% converted to work energy

eventually all (100%) energy is converted to thermal energy

T/F: Rate of heat production in rested, fasted, unstressed subject is a reflection of all the metabolic processes going on in the body.

True

Subjects in the resting state use _____ and produce heat energy

stored chemical energy

The amount of energy put into a system is _____ the energy put out by the system.

the same as

In the laboratory _____ was used to measure the metabolism of the Mr. Faust, the laboratory mouse and _____ was used to determine the metabolism of the human subject.

indirect calorimetry, indirect calorimetry

When we measure actual heat produced by a subject to determine metabolic rate, we are using_____ calorimetry, and if we measure oxygen consumption, we are using _____ calorimetry

direct; indirect

The _____ gives us a relationship between heat production and oxygen consumption in the body that allows us to indirectly determine metabolic rates.

 energy equivalent of oxygen

The energy equivalent of oxygen is:

4.8 kcal heat produced for every liter of oxygen utilized

Heat production can be calculated from _____ by using the energy equivalent of oxygen.

oxygen consumption

____ have a higher average metabolic rate than do women.

men

As age increases, metabolic rate____ .

decreases

Ingestion of food:

increases resting metabolic rates.

consisting primarily of proteins has a greater effect on metabolism than lipids or carbohydrates

As circulating thyroxine (thyroid hormone) levels increase, metabolic rate ______.

increases

Metabolic rate increases following the ingestion of caffeine because caffeine:

inhibits phosphodiesterase activity causing more cAMP to be present and therefore enhance sympathetic pathways

Which of the following is NOT required for the measurement of a Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

1. fasting subject (2-5 hours)

2. late afternoon testing time

3. very warm room temp

4. sleeping subject’

5. body temp is not important

6. the patient performs a specific set of exercises for standardization

oxygen consumption def

total oxygen (ml or liters) utilized per unit of time (minutes, hours, days)

heat production def

total heat produced (kcal) per unit of time (minutes, hours, days)

metabolic rate units for humans

kcal/m2 x hr

metabolic rate units for all species

volume O2 /time or kcal/time

metabolic intensity units

volume O2 /(time x kg) or kcal /(time x kg)

T/F: The phrase kcal / (hr × m²) is the same as kcal / (m² × hr) and the phrase O₂ / (min × kg) is the same as O₂ / ( kg × min) and both represent ways of expressing metabolic rate.

true

FECO2 def and value

fraction expired carbon dioxide

0.03-0.05

FEO2 def and value

fraction expired oxygen

0.16-0.17

FIO2 def and value

fraction inspired oxygen

0.2093

FICO2 def and value

fraction inspired carbon dioxide

0.0004

VE def and value

ventilation, liters of air per minute

6 L/min

VO2 def and value

oxygen consumption (volume oxygen/min)

0.25-0.30 L/min

As the size of an animal _____, the surface area:mass ratio _____ and therefore the organism loses heat to the environment at a ____ rate and must consequently produce _____ heat per unit of body mass to compensate for the _____ heat losses.

decreases, increases, faster, more, increased

OR

increases, decreases, slower, less, decreased

as body size or weight increases, the total oxygen consumption or oxygen consumption per "animal" ____

increases

as body weight increases, the total heat production ____

increases

as surface area:weight ratio increases, metabolic intensity ______

increases

In Experiment #12 (Energy Metabolism), we compared the oxygen consumption, heat production and metabolic rate of a human and a mouse. Which of the following conclusions were you able to make?

The human has a higher total O₂ consumption (liters /min), but lower metabolic rate measured in kcal/(kg × hr).

On a per kilogram basis (metabolic intensity or mass specific metabolic rate), the metabolic rate of smaller mammals is _____ larger mammals.

greater than

Measurements in the laboratory needed for the Haldane transformation include:

FECO2

FEO2

VE

Oxygen consumption measurements are converted to _____, which stands for _____.

STPD, standard temperature and pressure of a dry gas