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Uniform circular motion
motion in a circle at a constant speed
Centripetal force
the force necessary to make an object move in a circle directed towards the center
Centripetal acceleration
the acceleration caused by centripetal force
Gravity
the attractive force that exists between all objects which have mass
Period
the time it takes for an object in uniform circular motion to travel through one full circle
Frequency
the number of times per second an object in uniform circular motion travels around the circle
Energy
the ability to do work
Work
the product of the displacement of an object and the component of the applied force that is parallel to the displacement
Potential energy
energy that is stored and ready to do work
Kinetic energy
energy in motion
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only change form
Mechanical energy
energy associated with the movement or potential movement of objects
Chemical energy
energy associated with the chemical bonds of a molecule
Electrical energy
energy associated with the motion or potential motion of charged particles
Heat
energy transferred from one object to another due to difference in temperature
Power
the amount of energy expended per second
Momentum
the mass multiplied by the velocity in an object
Law of Momentum Conservation
when the sum of the forces working on a system is zero, the toal momentum in the system cannot change
Recoil velocity
the velocity that an object develops in response to launching another object, which is a result of the Law of Momentum Conservation
Angular velocity
the rate at which the position angle of an object changes in rotational motion
Law of Angular Momentum Conservation
if the sum of the torques on a system equals zero, the angular momentum never changes
Periodic motion
motion that repeats itself regularly
Equilibrium position
the position of an object when there are no net forces acting on it
Restoring force
a force directed towards the system’s equilibrium position, which is applied as a result of the system’s displacement from equilibrium
Amplitude
the max distance away from equilibrium than an object in periodic motion travels
Simple harmonic motion
periodic motion whose period is independent of its amplitude
Wave
a disturbance that propagates in a medium
Transverse wave
a wave whose propagation is perpendicular to its oscillation
Longitudinal wave
a wave whose propagation is parallel to its oscillation
Diffraction
the spreading of waves around an obstacle
Electrostatics
the study of electric charges at rest
Conductor
a substance through which charge flows easily
Insulator
a substance through which charge can’t flow
Law of Charge Conservation
the net amount of electric charge in the universe is constant
Charging by conduction
charging an object by allowing it to come into contact with an object that already has an electric charge
Charging by induction
charging an object without direct contact between the object and a charge
Electrostatic force
the force that exists between two charges at rest