Ap bio

Unity

All living things made of same 4 basic types of molecules

Monomers

Individual subunits of larger molecules known as building blocks

Functional groups

Small groups of atoms that confer specific chemical traits

Hydroxyl group (-OH)

Makes things polar and water soluble

Carbonyl group (-COOH)

Makes things acids and water soluble

Phosphate groups (-OPO3-)

Energizes and makes water soluble

Amino groups (-NH2)

Makes things bases

Methyl groups (-CH3)

Makes things nonpolar and insoluble

Sulfhydral group (-SH)

Stabilized proteins

Condensation dehydration

Remove water in order to stick two molecules together

Hydrolysis

Using water to break 2 molecules apart, put water back in

Macromolecules

Any large biological molecule made by fusing together monomers

Polymer

all of the monomers are of the same type and becomes a giant molecule

Glycerol

Monomer

Fatty acid

Macromolecule

Peptide

Both macromolecules and polymers

Organic chemistry

Must have both carbon and hydrogen

Hydrocarbons

Have only C and H

Carbohydrates

Have only C, H and O

Carbon

Can bond to 4 other atoms; can form double bonds, rings and chains

Aqueous systems

Living systems

Bind strength order in living system

Covalent bond>ionic bond>hydrogen bond

Saccharides

sugar, all are carbohydrate, most dissolve easily in in H2O

Monosaccharides

single monomer of sugar, smallest unit of saccharide

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

example of Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

two monosaccharides bonded together

Sucrose and Lactose

example of Disaccharides

Oligosaccharide

a few monosaccharides, serve as membrane receptors or identification markers

Polysaccharides

many, different properties based on bonding patterns and chain shape

starch, cellulose, and glycogen

examples of Polysacchraides

starch

plant glucose

cellulose

plant cell walls

glycogen

animal glucose

soluble

hydroxyl groups facing out are

insoluble

hydroxyl group facing in are

chitin

modified polysaccharide, not a carbohydrate

Lipids

macromolecules but not polymers, grouped together due to hydrophobic nature

hydrophobic

non polar and is insoluble, fear of water

Triglycerides

fats and oils; compact, longer than term E storage; takes less room than glycogne/starch

Fats

usually solid at room temperature in animals

Oils

usually liquid at room temperature in plants

Triglyceride structure

one glycerol molecule bound to 3 fatty acid molecule

Glycerol

an alcohol that binds up to 3 monomers

Fatty acids

are hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group on one end

Unsaturated Fatty acid

don’t pack well, less dense and liquid; there is room for more hydrogen

Saturated Fatty acid

packed tightly so dense and solid, full of hydrogen

Trans Fatty acid

man-made, made by adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, upsets cholesterol levels

Essential Fatty acids

our bodies can’t make these so we must eat them in our food

Steroids

Hydrophobic, made of 4 fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached

Cholesteral

animal cell membranes and precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile salts

Steroids

Testosteron, Vitamin D, Cortisone, and Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Amphipathic, Glycerol bond, makes cell membrane

Waxes

a long chain of fatty acids tightly packed to long chain alcohols or carbon rings; repels water

Proteins

polypeptide; polymers made of amino acid monomers; make enzymes, hormones, and muscle; R group

Peptide bonds

bonds between amino acids

Nucleotides

largest monomer made of 3 different groups/monomers; a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base

Nucleic acids

polymers of many nucleotides; DNA and RNA

DNA

made of nucleotides with the sugar deoxyribose

RNA

made of nucleotides with the sugar ribose

Condensation dehydration

removes water to stick molecules together

Hydrolysis

using water to break 2 molecules apart; puts water back in

Hydrocarbon

the backbone of every functional group