SSEH1103 Module 2

Acute Cardiovascular Response to Exercise, The Energy Systems, Chronic Adaptations to Endurance Training, Types of Endurance Training

Exercise is Stress

fight or flight response to prepare the body for physical work

Cardiorespiratory System Functions

1. Provide O2 to the working muscles

2. Distribute key nutrients to muscles (CHO, fats)

3. Removing waste products (CO2, lactic acid)

Respiratory Response to Exercise

the onset of exercise is accompanied by an immediate increase in pulmonary ventilation

this is a result of an increase in respiratory rate and tidal volume

Tidal Volume

the depth of each breath

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

increase in cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate and blood pressure

Cardiac Output

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per minute

Cardiac Output =

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Stroke Volume

the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each stroke

Heart Rate

the frequency of contraction

Peripheral Responses to Exercise: Rest

Peripheral Responses to Exercise: Easy Intensity Exercise

Peripheral Responses to Exercise: Moderate Intensity Exercise

Peripheral Responses to Exercise: Maximal Intensity Exercise

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP-ADP Cycle

ATP Synthesis

ATP-PC System

a rapid energy system used during high-intensity, short-duration activities like sprinting

relies on the stored ATP and phosphocreatine to regenerate ATP quickly

Glycolysis and Aerobic Glycolysis

the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process

in aerobic conditions, pyruvate is further oxidised in the mitochondria

The Bodys Energy Systems

VO2 Max

used to measure the aerobic capacity of an individual.

the maximum rate at which the heart, lungs, and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise

Effects of Endurance Training

improvement in the ability to sustain a particular level of physical effort largely through more efficient aerobic energy systems

Central System

the ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove waste from, the working muscles

Peripheral System

the ability of the working muscles to utilise oxygen and nutrients to produce ATP

Central Adaptation

what drives the ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove waste from, the working muscles

• Respiration

• Cardiac Output

• Blood Flow

Peripheral Adaptation

so now there's more blood getting to the muscles, how to muscle improve its ability to utilise the extra oxygen and nutrients to produce ATP

• Myoglobin content

• Mitochondria and Oxidative Enzymes

Central Adaptation: Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation

• Increased fitness of respiratory muscles

• Reduced ventilation rate at sub-maximal intensity

• Increased max ventilation capacity

Central Adaptation: Respiration: Pulmonary Diffusion

• Enhanced capacity due to increased pulmonary blood flow

• Increased density of capillary network in the lungs

Central Adaptation: Cardiac Output

• Increase size of left ventricular activity

• Increase size of left ventricular wall

Central Adaptation: Blood Flow

• Increased blood volume

• Increased capillarisation

• More effective blood redistribution

VO2 Max and Lactate Threshold