West Civ 2 Exam 1

Renaissance Humanism

An intellectual and cultural pursuit focused on classical antiquity that sought to benefit human beings and individuals in contemporary life.

Petrarch

Father of Renaissance Humanism, known for writing 'Ascent of Mt Ventoux' and expressing admiration for Cicero.

Michelangelo

An artist who sculpted figures modeled after classical antiquity, often celebrating human form and incorporating religious themes.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Philosopher known for 'Oration on the Dignity of Man', arguing for the unique status of humans in creation and the pursuit of unity with God.

Machiavelli

Author of 'The Prince', discusses the acquisition and maintenance of power rather than just ruling justly.

Pope Boniface VIII

In conflict with King Philip IV of France over the taxation of church property, leading to his capture.

Avignon, France

Location of the new Papal Court established during the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy.

Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

Period in which popes resided in Avignon, diminishing their legitimate authority.

St. Catherine of Siena

A mystic who persuaded Pope Gregory XI to return the papacy to Rome from Avignon.

Council of Pisa

Attempt to resolve the schism of two papacies, resulting in the election of a third pope.

John Wycliffe

An early reformer who promoted 'sola scriptura' and questioned the church's authority.

Martin Luther

German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by advocating for 'sola fide' and criticizing indulgences.

Diet of Worms

A gathering where Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings, asserting he would follow his conscience.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty allowing princes within the Holy Roman Empire to choose whether their territories would be Catholic or Lutheran.

Anabaptists

A religious group that rejected infant baptism and emphasized adult baptism, seeking to create a church imitating the early Apostles.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council that reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and addressed church reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that resulted in the formation of various Protestant denominations and a split from the Roman Catholic Church.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, who emphasized spiritual exercises and counter-reformation through education.

Louis XIV of France

Absolute monarch who built the Palace of Versailles, revoked the Edict of Nantes, and emphasized centralized governance.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 bloodless overthrow of King James II of England by William of Orange and Mary, resulting in a constitutional monarchy.