Child and Adolescent Development - Cumulative Final Study Guide

Flashcards for review of Child and Adolescent Development lecture notes.

What is the relationship between nature and nurture in development?

Interaction between genes and environment.

What is the difference between continuity and discontinuity in development?

Gradual vs. stage-like development.

What does it mean for children to be 'active' in their own development?

Children contribute to their own development.

How does socioeconomic status (SES) impact development?

Affects access to resources, parenting, education.

What type of research identifies relationships but not causation?

Identifies relationships but not causation.

What type of research manipulates variables to identify causal relationships?

Manipulates variables to identify causal relationships.

What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?

Consistency vs. accuracy of measurement.

What are DNA, genes, and chromosomes?

Basic units of heredity.

What is Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)?

Extra 21st chromosome.

What is Huntington’s Disease?

Genetic neurodegenerative disorder.

What are blastocysts and trophoblasts?

Early cell stages after fertilization.

What are teratogens?

Harmful substances affecting prenatal development.

What is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

Caused by alcohol exposure in utero.

What is SIDS?

Sudden infant death syndrome.

What did the Dutch Hunger Winter demonstrate?

Showed prenatal nutrition’s long-term effects.

What does the Apgar Scale assess?

Assesses newborn health.

What is neurogenesis?

Formation of neurons.

What is synaptogenesis?

Synapse formation.

What is synaptic pruning?

Elimination of unused connections.

What is plasticity in the context of brain development?

Brain’s adaptability to environment and injury.

What are some newborn preferences?

Faces, sweet tastes, mother’s voice.

What is the visual cliff used for?

Depth perception test.

What is habituation?

Decreased response to repeated stimuli.

When does babbling typically occur?

6-10 months

When do first words typically appear?

10-15 months

What are holophrases?

One word represents a full idea.

What is telegraphic speech?

Two-word combinations (~2 years).

What does the case of Genie highlight?

Highlights importance of early language exposure.

What are characteristics of infant-directed speech?

Higher pitch, melodic, slow, exaggerates emotion.

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

Language production.

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

Language comprehension.

What are key features of the sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence, motor exploration.

What are key features of the preoperational stage?

Egocentrism, lack of conservation.

What are key features of the concrete operational stage?

Logical reasoning, conservation understood.

What are key features of the formal operational stage?

Abstract, hypothetical thinking.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

Gap between what child can do alone vs. with help.

What is scaffolding?

Temporary support from adults/peers.

What does private speech help with?

Helps regulate behavior.

According to information processing theory, what is the mind analogous to?

Mind = computer.

What are some improvements in information processing as children develop?

Improvements in processing speed, working memory, strategy use.

What are innate domains according to Core Knowledge Theory?

Innate domains (e.g., face recognition, numbers).

What are the basic emotions?

Joy, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust.

What are the self-conscious emotions and when do they emerge?

Guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride (15-24 months).

How does emotion regulation change over time?

Shifts from caregiver-led to self-regulated.

What emotion regulation strategies do preschoolers use?

Preschoolers use cognitive strategies (e.g., distraction).

What are the temperament classifications by Thomas & Chess?

Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up (Thomas & Chess).

What are Rothbart’s dimensions of temperament?

Fear, activity, attention span, etc.

What is morality of constraint?

Rules are fixed, outcome-focused.

What is autonomous morality?

Intentions matter, rules can change.

What is preconventional morality?

Avoid punishment, seek reward.

What is conventional morality?

Social approval, law & order.

What is postconventional morality?

Universal principles, social contracts.

What is ODD?

Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

What is CD?

Conduct Disorder.

What is the Fast Track Program?

Preventive intervention for at-risk children.

When does the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage occur?

Adolescence.

What is identity diffusion?

No commitment/exploration.

What is identity foreclosure?

Commitment without exploration.

What is identity moratorium?

Exploration without commitment.

What is identity achievement?

Commitment after exploration.

When does gender identity develop?

~2 yrs

When does gender constancy develop?

5-7 yrs

What is gender schema theory?

Mental frameworks for gender roles.

What does CAH show in relation to gender development?

Girls with androgen exposure show more male-typed behavior.

What is the microsystem?

Immediate environment.

What is the mesosystem?

Interactions between microsystems.

What is the exosystem?

Indirect influences.

What is the macrosystem?

Culture and laws.

What is the chronosystem?

Historical context.

What are characteristics of the authoritative parenting style?

High control & warmth.

What are characteristics of the authoritarian parenting style?

High control, low warmth.

What are characteristics of the permissive parenting style?

Low control, high warmth.

What are characteristics of the neglectful parenting style?

Low control & warmth.

What parenting style is more common in low SES families?

More authoritarian.

What parenting style is more common in high SES families?

More authoritative.

What are key influences on children's adjustment to divorce?

Parental conflict, child age, custody quality.

How do stepchildren typically fare in stepfamilies?

More conflict, higher risk of adjustment issues.

What are the peer status classifications?

Popular, Rejected, Neglected, Controversial, Average.

How do friendships help?

Provide support, buffer against stress.

What are some positive effects of media?

Education, prosocial behavior (e.g., Sesame Street).

What are some negative effects of media?

Displacement of activities, desensitization to violence.

What did Bandura’s Bobo doll study demonstrate?

Bandura’s Bobo doll study on modeling aggression.

What are the three steps of memory development?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What is the most accurate form of child recall?

Most accurate.

What are suggestibility risks?

Repeated questions, leading language, peer pressure.

When does the disclosure of abuse happen?

Often delayed.

What influences disclosure of abuse by a child?

Fear, relationships, threats.

What are four types of disclosure of abuse?

No disclosure, delayed, recanted, partial.

When interviewing a child, what type of questions should one avoid?

Avoid suggestive questions

When interviewing a child, what type of questioning should one use?

Use open ended prompts

When interviewing a child, what actions should be taken before beginning the interview?

Establish ground rules.