SAS 1 M3 (Flashcards)

Culture defined by Edward Tylor

Culture defined by Edward Tylor

“That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as members of the society”

Culture

All the things an individual learns, including knowledge and behavior, while growing up as a member of a group or society.

Society

A group of people sharing customs, laws, and organization in a specific location.

Cultural Knowledge

Attitudes, perceptions of reality, standards of morality, notions of the proper way to live, and our belief systems.

Cultural Behaviors

How people act in situations and how they conduct themselves amidst other people, including what they do when experiencing emotions.

Enculturation

The process of internalizing cultural knowledge and behavior through socialization.

Ethnicity defined by Miller (2005)

A sense of group affiliation based on a distinct heritage or worldview as a people.

Ethnicity defined by Eitzen & Zinn (1991)

The condition of being culturally rather than physically distinctive.

Ethnicity defined by Macionis (2010)

Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage.

Ethnicity

Indicator of identity, a sense of who one is as defined by the culture that a person professes to have.

Dominant or mainstream culture

The culture that is shared by people within a larger society.

Subculture

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.

Ethnic Identity

Aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership

Personality by Allport (1961) (not revised definition)

A dynamic organization within the individual of psychophysical systems that determines their unique adjustments to the environment.

Personality by Allport (1961) (revised definition)

Dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings.

Personality based on Child’s (1968) definition

A stable or at least relatively stable. He also includes consistency (within an individual) and difference (between individuals).

Self-expression

The act of expressing one's thoughts, feelings, choices, preferences, and beliefs.

Identity

A self-portrait. It is the conception of oneself, including goals, values, beliefs, and various aspects of personal identity such as career, political, religious, relationship, achievement, sexual, interest, personality, and physical identity.

Erikson's View of Identity

A period when the adolescent decides between identity and identity confusion. (During adolescence, individuals go through a period of searching for their identity and deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.)

Psychological moratorium

It is under “Erikson’s View of Identity during Adolescence”. A period during adolescence when individuals are relatively free of responsibilities and can explore different identities.

James Marcia's Identity Statuses/Theory

These are four ways of solving the challenge of identity in adolescence wherein the classification is based on the existence or extent of crisis or commitment.

The four statuses of identity by James Marcia

Four ways of solving the challenge of identity in adolescence:

• identity diffusion

• identity foreclosure

• identity moratorium

• identity achievement.

Identity diffusion

The status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

Identity foreclosure

The status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced crisis.

Identity moratorium

The status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined.

Identity achievement

The status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment.