medieval times/middle ages

feudalism

a medieval form of govt. in which one’s status is based on land

feudalism structure

king —> lords (vassals) —> knights (vassals) —> peasants (serfs)

duration of the Crusades

1095 CE - 1492 CE

what group was the Byzantine empire’s primary concern?

Seljuk Turks

who was the Byzantine emperor?

Alexios Komnenos

why did the Byzantine emperor write to Pope Urban II?

he wrote to the Pope to ask for military assistance against the Turks.

who did Pope Urban II call upon to help the Byzantine Empire?

western Christians (said they had to go on a Crusade to help fellow Christians)

what was the purpose of the Crusade?

push the Turks out of Jerusalem

Jerusalem

also know as the Holy Land, it was a sacred city for Christians, Muslims, and Jews

first Crusade duration

1096 CE - 1099 CE

goals of the first Crusade

1. save the Byzantine Empire

2. capture Jerusalem

outcome of the first Crusade

1. saved the Byzantine Empire

2. captured Jerusalem

3. 70,000 Muslims and Jews massacred

4. Crusaders “Europeanized” the Holy Land (wanted to stay there)

what does it mean to “Europeanize” the land?

bring over European ideas and culture to the new land

goal of the second Crusade

Pope and European nobles wanted to capture the city of Edessa, Syria (colonize the area)

outcome of the second Crusade

European and Byzantine soldiers are divided

goal of the third Crusade

reclaim Jerusalem (after it fell under Turkish Muslim control)

who is Saladin?

Muslim leader

outcome of the third Crusade

Jerusalem remains under Turkish Muslim control

goal of the fourth Crusade

reclaim Jerusalem

outcomes of the fourth Crusade

1. Venetian merchants redirected ships towards Constantinople

2. Crusaders attacked Constantinople for wealth

3. permanent split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches formed

Turkish warfare

1. trained horsemen

2. light armor

3. recurve bow

4. catapult

European warfare

1. fought on foot

2. heavy armor (not ideal in Middle East fighting, soldiers would drown or overheat)

3. crossbow

4. introduced to gunpowder

outcomes of the Crusades

Political: end of Feudalism (peasants granted freedom), declining influence from the church, introduced to democracy

Economic: higher wages for peasants, new trade routes and goods (spices, cloths, jewels), port cities, middle class, merchant jobs and trade increased

Religion: people question the Pope, division: Catholics, Orthodox Christians, Muslims, Church expands, Greek mythology

Social/Technological: gunpowder, cannon, new (lighter) armor, ideas from Greeks and Romans (medicine, architecture, literacy, art, philosophy) **Crusaders reintroducing the old Greek/Roman ideas

Hundred Years’ War duration

1337 CE - 1453 CE

medieval succession

conflict between England and France for the French throne

• goes through blood inheritance (except by the mother) to first-born son

Edward III of England

• Mother: Isabella of France (Charles IV’s sister)

• Duke of lands in SW France

• sent troops in after his land was taken by Philip IV (goal: recover the lost land)

Philip IV of France

• grandson of Charles IV

• King of France

• intimidated by Edward III’s presence in France, claimed the English-owned lands as his own (goal: keep conquered land)

Battle of Agincourt date

1415 CE

Battle of Agincourt

England seized almost all of France

Joan of Arc

young French peasant who believed she was called by God to defeat English troops (ended up fighting)

Siege of New Orleans date

1429 CE

Siege of New Orleans

English soldiers fled from French land

outcome of the war

France:

• won disputed territory

• loss of citizens

• established a more developed govt.

England:

• loss of land and citizens

• division for the English Crown

New weapons:

• longbow

• cannons (gunpowder, longer range)

Bubonic Plague duration

1347 CE - 1351 CE

disease cycle

1. flea drinks sick rat’s blood that carries the bacteria

2. bacteria multiply in flea’s gut

3. flea’s gut clogged with bacteria

4. flea bites human, regurgitates blood into human wound

symptoms of the Black Plague

• coughing

• sneezing

• black + patchy skin (decaying)

• lymph node rashes

what were believed to be the causes of the Bubonic Plague?

1. people were being punished by God

2. it was in the air (contaminated)

3. the Jews poisoned the wells

Jewish vs. European hygiene

Jews: washed hands before praying, good hygiene

Europeans: dirty, slept with their own cattle, no sense of hygiene (led to them believed that the Jews were behind the Plague, as they wouldn’t get as sick)

what part of the population was most affected by the Plague?

poor/peasants (close quarters, less luxuries/room)

results of the Bubonic Plague

1. 25 million Europeans died in 4 years (more than during the 400 years of the Crusades)

2. decline in trade and Feudalism (new govt. needed)

3. peasants received higher wages (less people alive to work)

4. anti-Semitism rose

the War of the Roses was between which two houses?

Lancaster and York

events leading to the War of the Roses

1. financial problems following the Hundred Years’ War

2. dismantlement of Feudalism

3. a weak ruler

after Richard III is killed during battle, who becomes King?

Henry Tudor

how does Henry Tudor reunite the two houses?

he marries Elizabeth of York