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Name two material goods the USA provided to Europe during WW1:
Food, raw materials, arms
During the war, the USA overtook Germany as world-leading producer of what?
Chemicals
What else did the USA provide to its wartime allies, which were repaid with interest after 1918?
Loans
Technological changes developed during WW1 allowed the USA to lead the world in which areas after 1918?
Mechanisation; plastics; aircraft design
By 1920, the USA was the world’s leading producer of which 3 resources?
Oil, steel, coal
What happened to the USA’s electricity consumption in the 1920s?
It more than doubled
Which new factory production methods were electricity-powered?
Mass-production
Name two electrical appliances which boomed in the 1920s:
Radios, telephones
Which three presidents led the USA between 1920 and 1932?
Harding, Coolidge, Hoover
What political party, which had pro-business and non-interventionist economic policies, did they all belong to?
The Republican Party
Complete Harding’s quote: ‘The business of America is…’
‘…business’
What name is given to the republican economic policies, which stated that the government should interfere in business as little as possible?
Laissez-faire
This suggested that giving businesses ‘a free hand’ would boost what? (4 things)
Employment, wages, profits, production
These economic theories complemented which attitude, which glorified independence and hard work as American virtues?
Rugged individualism
The government lowered income tax to encourage Americans to do what?
Buy/spend on US goods; invest in US business
After the 1926 Revenue Act, what % of the pop. paid 94% of the USA’s tax?
0.75%
Name the protectionist policy of making imported goods more expensive to encourage consumers to buy domestic products?
Tariffs
Name a 1922 example of tariff, placed on food products:
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
Which revolutionary production method allowed mass-production?
Assembly line
Who came up with the assembly line after 1913?
Henry Ford
In which city was Ford’s company’s automobile factory?
Detroit
Name Ford’s affordable, reliable car
Model T
By the 1920s, the Ford factory produced cars at what rate?
One every ten seconds
By 1925, how much did a Model T cost
$290– three months’ salary for a worker
Mass-production revolutionised which two aspects of production?
Speed and cost
By the mid-1920s, what proportion of cars sold were Model T’s?
One in two
Complete Henry Ford’s phrase about the Model T: available ‘in any colour…’
‘…as long as it’s black’
What % of all USA rubber and glass production went to the car industry?
80% rubber; 75% glass
What was the ratio of cars to people in 1920s USA?
One to every five people
What was the ratio of cars to people in 1920s Britain and USSR?
Br – 1:43; USSR – 1:7000
Which communities became less isolated due to car ownership?
Rural communities
What did people spend more leisure time doing?
Traveling
Which ‘buy now pay later’ schemes removed stigma from debt?
Hire purchase / credit
By 1927, what percent. of household goods were bought using hire purchase?
75%
Name 3 techniques used by advertising to sell consumer goods
Celebrity endorsement, slogans, sex appeal
What new sales method brought consumer goods to rural areas?
Mail-order catalogues
State the increase in car sales between 1920 and 1930:
9 million > 26 million
State the increase in radio sales between 1920 and 1930
60,000 > 10 million
What mood characterised the state of mind of the USA in the 1920s?
Confidence
Name two economic activities that confidence encouraged:
Buying consumer goods; Investing in business
Where did more and more Americans buy shares?
In the stock market
How many Americans were shareowners by 1929?
20 million
What led to falling prices and profits from coal mines?
Overproduction
Demand for coal fell due to which new power sources?
Oil and electricity
What happened to many coal mines in the 1920s?
Closed down
How many coal miners went on strike in 1922 to improve working conditions?
600,000
US farmers faced competition from efficient wheat producers in which country?
Canada
Name the machine that allowed the production of more wheat?
Combine harvester
The production of a surplus that could not be sold, led to what?
Overproduction
What happened when farmers tried to sell these surpluses?
Prices fell
US exports to which part of the world declined in the 1920s?
Europe
Why did Europe stop importing American goods in the 1920s?
US tariffs
How many farmers went bankrupt in 1924 alone?
600,000
What happened to farmers unable to make mortgage repayments?
Forced off the land/evicted
Which government policies were farmers critical of?
Laissez-faire
Name one artificial fibre that reduced demand for wool, cotton, silk, etc:
Rayon
What change in women’s fashion also reduced demand for textiles?
Shorter dresses/skirts
Which groups often worked in textile mills for low wages?
Women and children
Growth of ownership of what led to a decline in the railroad industry?
Cars / automobiles
Name 3 negative experiences faced by immigrants to the US in the 1920s:
Discrimination / low wages / unemployment
In which booming industry did many immigrants work?
Construction
Wages in the construction industry only rose by how much in the 1920s?
4%
Which government policies restricted immigrants entering the USA?
Quotas
What % of Black Americans lived in the southern states of the USA?
85%
How many Black Americans lost their jobs due to the downturn in US agriculture?
750,000
What form of discrimination separated whites from blacks in southern states?
Segregation
What form of violence led to the murder of Black Americans accused of crimes?
Lynching
Name 3 northern cities to which many Black Americans moved in the ‘Great Migration’:
New York, Chicago, Detroit
What kind of jobs were Black Americans normally forced to accept in these cities?
Low paid, menial jobs
What kind of discriminatory policies did employers often have?
‘Whites-only’
In which kind of neighborhoods, such as Harlem, did Black Americans often live?
Ghettos
Name 2 cities whose population was increased by rural and overseas immigration:
New York, Chicago
Name 4 negative features that conservative Americans associated with cities:
Criminality
Communism
Immigration
Sinfulness
Which event gave women a taste of greater independence & responsibility?
First World War
Name 3 military roles that women took during WW1:
Nurses
Clerks
Accountants
Name 2 traditionally male areas where women worked in the USA during WW1
Transport, industry
Which amendment to the constitution gave women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
In which year was the 19th amendment passed?
1920
Which woman became governor of Wyoming in 1924?
Nellie Taloe Ross
How many women were in work by 1929?
10 million
What was the percentage increase of women working between 1920 and 1929
24%
What name is given to the types of jobs that women mostly took?
‘White collar’ jobs
Name 4 white collar jobs
Librarians, teachers, clerks, secretaries, shop assistants, telephone operators
Working women became targets of which method of consumerism?
Advertising
The Supreme Court blocked attempts to gain what for women?
Minimum wage
What % of medical school places were allocated to women?
5%
Access to what new consumer good gave women greater freedom to travel?
Automobiles
Name 2 consumer goods that freed women from time-consuming domestic chores:
Vacuum cleaner, washing machine
Growing use of what products led to lower birth rates?
Contraception
What happened to divorce rates 1914-29, due to greater female independence?
Doubled
Which young, liberated, urban women challenged traditional attitudes in the 1920s?
Flappers
What were 3 physical characteristics associated with flappers
short hair
makeup
short dresses or skirts
Name 4 of their social activities that were considered shocking for women (flappers):
drinking
smoking
clubbing
driving cars
Women in which areas were less likely to experience these changes?
Rural
What organizations were established to challenge female sexual liberation?
Anti-Flirt Leagues
Conservative Americans feared that cars were making what easier?
Crime
Jazz music originated from which American community?
African Americans
Name one jazz dance that became popular in the 1920s:
The Charleston
Name the USA’s most famous jazz club in New York’s Harlem:
The Cotton Club
The 1920s, because of this music, was given what title?
The Jazz Age
Note 
Flashcard (50)