Research Designs, Variables, and Levels of Measurement

Flashcards covering key concepts in research designs, variables, and levels of measurement.

Nominal Level of Measurement

Names or categories without any order; examples include Yes/No responses

Ordinal Level of Measurement

Categories that can be ranked, but the exact spacing between levels is not known; e.g., satisfaction levels like 'Very Satisfied'.

Interval Level of Measurement

Numerical scale with equal gaps; allows for addition/subtraction, but has no true zero; e.g., temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

Ratio Level of Measurement

Has a true zero (0 indicates absence) and allows for all mathematical operations; examples include weight and income.

Independent Variable (IV)

The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable that is measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

Quasi-Experiment

A research design that involves non-random groups; an example is comparing schools with and without an intervention.

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

A design where one group is tested before and after an intervention to measure effects.

Posttest-Only Design

A design that only measures outcomes after an intervention without pretests.

Single-System Design (A-B-A-B)

Repeated testing of one individual across different phases to assess the effectiveness of an intervention.

True Experiment

A research design with random assignment to groups, allowing causal conclusions about interventions.

Quantitative Design

Research that focuses on numbers and statistical analysis to quantify relationships and outcomes.

Qualitative Design

Research focusing on experiences and narratives to understand deeper meanings and themes.