EXAM 2

the central dogma states

DNA makes RNA which makes protein

not a mechanism for molecules to move across a membrane

selective transport

during metaphase of mitosis how many centrioles are found within the cell

4

how many strands make up a DNA molecule

2

thinnest of cytoskeleton structures, responsible for cellular locomotion and muscle contractions

microfilaments

process that doesn't require oxygen to produce ATP

glycolysis

enzyme used by some viruses to convert RNA into DNA

reverse transcriptase

chromosome number in human body cells (somatic cells)

46

clefts made by inner membrane of the mitochondria folding back on itself

cristae

cellular respiration starts in the _____ with the process of _____

cytoplasm, glycolysis

what position in the codon in the mRNA is known as the "wobble" base

third base

what is the function of the ribosome

translate RNA into a protein

at what position on the newly synthesizing RNA molecule is the next nucleotide attached

3' hydroxyl

how many NADH and FADH2 molecules are made from 1 glucose molecule during cellular respiration

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

short cylinders at the poles of the cell that are responsible for the formation of the microtubule spindles

centrioles

random movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

diffusion

not a use of transgenic organisms (GMOs)

inserting a human gene to fix defective human gene

transport mechanism that requires ATP

active transport

enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA molecules

DNA polymerase

when cloning Dolly what stage of the cell cycle did they find gave the best chance of obtaining a viable clone

G1 phase

phagocytosis is a type of

endocytosis

chromosomes are visible

only during cell division

transcription occurs in the _____ while translation occurs in the _____

nucleus, cytoplasm

the organelle used to produce ATP in the cell is

mitochondria

chromosome pairs numbered 1 through 22 are classified as

autosomes

the chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell during

metaphase

contractile microfilament that pinches off the plasma membranes and divides the cell into two cells

actin

form of RNA that carries the code for the protein from the DNA to the site where the protein is assembled

mRNA

how many ATP are produced during electron transport system from 1 molecule of glucose

28

these are identical copies for a chromosome attached together at the centromere

sister chromatids

process also known as reduction division

meiosis

if a parent cell has 40 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes will a daughter cell have at the end of mitosis

80

movement of molecules against the concentration gradient

active transport

when protein synthesis is completed by the ribosome, RNA and proteins are released when the ribosome encounters what sequence

UGA

how many different potential codons are there in the genetic code

64

proteins that DNA coil around to package and condense it into chromatin within the cell

histones

what process is used to transport molecules that are sent from the golgi to be secreted out of the cell

exocytosis

fusion of two haploid gametes creates a

zygote

process used to separate DNA by size and visualize the amount of DNA

gel electrophoresis

building blocks of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA are

nucleotides

region of the DNA that encodes for a protein

gene

limiting molecule that needs to be regenerated so glycolysis can produce ATP

NAD

the 9+2 arrangement refers to what structure in the cell

cilia/flagella

process requires oxygen and makes NADH

citric acid cycle

proper sequence for mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

a 2n cell is _____ cell

diploid

mitosis results in

2 diploid daughter cells

process of double stranded DNA to contain one newly synthesized strand and one old strand

semi-conservative replication

ribosomes are made of what two macromolecules

protein and nucleic acid

_____ contain DNA and proteins that are condensed chromatin visible during mitosis

chromosomes

how many codons are there that code for amino acids in most living organisms

61

which molecule in the cell is most of the time a short-lived molecule

mRNA

what stage of translation is marked by the joining of two amino acids by peptide bonds

elongation

sister chromatids are held together at a region called

centromere

in DNA complementary base pairing occurs between

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

ultraviolet light can damage DNA by causing formation of

thymine dimers

process in which molecules are transported into the cell by pulling in of the plasma membrane

endocytosis

all proteins begin with this amino acid

methionine (Met)

the greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in

electron transport

for an RNA molecule to start synthesizing a protein the ribosome must encounter what sequence in the RNA

AUG

this is the study of the function and purpose of the DNA within the cell

genomics

what base pair is held together by 3 hydrogen bonds

G with C

when DNA goes through replication the direction of synthesis of the new DNA is

5' to 3'

this RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome to be added together to form a protein

tRNA

codons contain how many nucleotides

3

the portion of the DNA that is ultimately translated is the

exons

this nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA

thymine

class of nucleotides with a single-ring nitrogenous base

pyrimidines

process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate

glycolysis

a mature mRNA that is 300 nucleotides will make protein that is how many amino acids

99

this organelle has two plasma membranes

mitochondria

passive transport and active transport have all but what characteristic in common

use ATP as an energy source

class of nucleotides with a double-ring nitrogenous base

purine

how many hydrogen bonds from between adenine and thymine in DNA

2

filamentous protein instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division

microtubules

9+2 arrangement refers to the order of pairs of

microtubules

solution with equal movement of water in and out of the cell

isotonic

solution causing cell to burst, lower concentration of solutes than cytosol

hypotonic

solution causing cell to shrivel, high concentration of solutes that cytosol

hypertonic

glycolysis products per glucose molecule

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

citric acid cycle products per 2 pyruvate molecules

2 ATP, 6 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2

electron transport products from 10 NADH and 2 FADH2

28 ATP

if excess fats don't enter glycolysis they are converted into

acetyl CoA

the process of transcription converts ____ into _____

DNA, RNA

adenine in a strand of RNA will bind to ____ in a strand of DNA

thymine

uracil in a strand of RNA will bind to _____ in a strand of DNA

adenine

transcription occurs in the

nucleus

transcription converts DNA to RNA using

RNA polymerase

what part of pre-mRNA must be removed before becoming mature mRNA

introns

RNA type that adapts between amino acids and the codons in mRNA molecules

tRNA

start codon that establishes the reading frame for translation

AUG

3 stop codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

strand of RNA that contains the anticodon

tRNA

ribosome building blocks

rRNA

first stage of translation; initiator tRNA with AUG attached binds to mRNA codon

initiation

second stage of translation; peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids

elongation

third stage of translation; stop codon, detachment of new polypeptide

termination

gene mutation involving the incorrect nucleotide pairing with an exposed base during DNA replication

base-pair substiution

disorder caused by base-pair substitution

sickle-cell anemia

loss of a base pair is what kind of gene mutation

deletion