ADVS 2190 Exam 2

What are the three types of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the fibrous joints?

Immovable, fibrous tissue that eventually ossifies; Skull

What are cartilaginous joints?

Limited mobility; Connected by cartilage and hyaline; Vertebrae, pelvis, growth plates

What are synovial joints?

High mobility; Fetlock, knee, hock, elbow

Fibrous joints

Sometimes referred to as fixed of immovable joints; Held together by fibrous

Cartilaginous joints

Secondary cartilaginous; united by a plate of fibrocartilage; covered by a thin place of hyaline cartilage; little movement, permanent joints

What is another name for cartilaginous joints?

Called midline joints

What are the subunits of midline joints

1. Joints between the vertebral bodies

2. Symphysis pubis

Synovial joints

Common joint in the body; Presence of a joint capsule; Synovial fluid and articular cartilage

Know the anatomy of both pelvis and thoracic limb joints

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Where are the forelimb joints attached

Only attached to neck and ribcage through "shoulder sling"; Forelimb should suspend weight to thorax

What are the shoulder joints?

Scapula and humerus

What are the shoulder joints function?

Extend and flex forelimb; Allows for abduction and adduction of the forelimb

What are the elbow joints?

Humerus and radius/ulna; hinge joint

What are the elbow joints function?

Keeps toe forward and leg straight; Supports body weight

What are the carpus joints?

Radius, cannon/splint, and 7 carpal bones

What are the carpus joints function?

Absorb concussion; flex knee, limited extension; Extend elbow;

What is important about the carpus?

3 main joints; joints in between short bones

What are the three main joints in the carpus?

Antebrachiocarpal joints; middle carpal joint; carpometacarpal joint

Shared joints of limbs (Fetlock)

Cannon

Shared joints of limbs (Fetlock function)

What makes a horse a horse; Shock absorber; Energy storage; Stabilizer of distal limb

Shared joints of limbs (Pastern)

Long and short pasterns

Shared joints of limbs (Pastern function)

Limited motion extending and flexing; Limited circular motion; Absorbs very little concussion

Shared joints of limbs (Coffin)

Short pastern with coffin bone

Shared joints of limbs (coffin function)

Helps absorb shock; transfers weight

What are the hindlimb joints?

Stifle (largest joint); Articular cartilage; Hock

Sacroiliac (Back)

Sacrum to the ilium of the hip girdle

What kind of joint is the back

diarthrodial

What kind of joins is the front

Synovial

Lumbro

sacral

What is the function of the skeletal system

Rigid framework that gives body shape and protects internal organs

What are the functions of long bones

Support weight

What are the functions of short bones

Dissipate concussion

What are the functions of flat bones?

Enclose vital organs

What are the functions of irregular bones?

Complicated shapes that do not fit in the other three classification systems

What is the spinal column composed of?

Of vertebrae; Irregular bones, and bound by ligaments and cartilage

What does the spinal column create?

The neural canal/spinal canal which houses the spinal cord; Each vertebrae protects a pair of spinal nerves

How many cervical vertebrae?

7; Atlas and axis

How many thoracic vertebrae?

18

How many lumbar vertebrae?

6

How many sacral vertebrae?

5 fused vertebrae

How many coccygeal vertebrae

15

Equine ribcage

18 pairs of ribs connecting to thoracic vertebrae; protects heart and lungs; 8 true ribs; 10 false ribs

What are true ribs?

Connect all the way to the bottom

What are false ribs?

Doesn't connect entire way down and instead connect to cartilage

How are Arabians different?

5 lumbar vertebrae instead of 6; 17 pairs of ribs rather than 18

What is part of the forelimb

upper leg

What makes up the carpus

Small 6 short bones;

What makes up the forelimb

lower leg

What is the orders of the pastern ones up to down?

1. Cannon bone

2. Long pastern (proximal phalanx)

3. Short pastern (middle phalanx)

4. Coffin bone (Distal phalanx)

5. Navicular bone

Appendicular skeleton

hind limbs

Which bone is longer? Tibia or fibula?

Tibia

How many bones make the tarsus?

5 tarsal bones

Lower leg, hind limb

Cannon bone; splints; sesamoids; phalanges

How do the bones move?

Tendons

What are tendons?

Muscle to bone

How to the bones stay in position

Ligaments

What are ligaments?

Bone to bone

Flexor:

Pulls legs up off the ground

Extender

Pulls leg forward

Will the front legs have an extender or flexor?

Extender

Will the back legs have an extender or flexor?

Flexor

What are the lower leg flexor tendons

Superficial digital flexor tendon; Deep digital flexor tendon; Radial carpal extensor; Common digital extender tendon; Lateral digital extender tendon

Superficial digital flexor tendon

Flex lower leg, knee, fetlock and pastern; Runs parallel to cannon, flat in shape

Deep digital flexor tendon

Flex joints of lower leg, knee, fetlock, pastern and coffin; Runs parallel to cannon and attaches to the coffin

Radial carpal extensor

Runs along front of carpus

Common digital extender tendon

Runs parallel to cannon bone along the front and down attaching to the coffin bone

Lateral digital extender tendon

Can be used to determine if lower leg is a left or right leg

What are the lower leg ligaments

Suspensory ligaments

Suspensory Ligaments

Protects and supports sesamoid bones, pastern joint and fetlock; Has more elasticity than other ligaments

Why are check ligaments important

Prevents overstretching of tendons

Mastication

Mechanical grinding of food into smaller pieces by teeth

Heterodont

An animal that possesses more than one tooth type

Hypsodont

Continuously erupting

Diphyodontous

2 sets, different shapes

Deciduous

Temporary teeth/baby teeth

Occlusal

Grinding surfaces of the teeth

Lingual

Part of the tooth closest to the tongue

Buccal

Part of the tooth closest to the cheek

Cheek

What we call the molar and premolars

Float

A procedure that involves correcting abnormalities of the equine teeth

What is the purpose of the incisors?

Grasp and tear foodstuffs

How many incisors are there?

12

How to determine which teeth are which?

Central, intermediate, and corner

What are canines in horses?

Small gap between incisors and canines

How many canine teeth?

0

What is the purpose of canines?

Fighting and defense

Which sex normally has canines?

Stallions/geldings; if mares have them they are a lot smaller

How many wolf teeth are there

0

What are the purpose of the wolf tooth?

No purpose, vestigial first molar

Why are the wolf teeth normally removed

The root is so shallow so they will wiggle and cause pain

How many premolars are there?

12

What is the purpose of the premolars

Grinding food, mastication

What are the teeth that we have issues with?

Premolars and molars

How many molars are there?

12

What are the purpose of the molars

Chewing and mastication

Know the modified triadan system?

...

What is the chewing pattern?

Repetition of a cyclical movement; Can move in either direction

Is there more movement is hay or concentrates?

Hay

What are the 3 parts of chewing pattern?

Opening, closing and power strokes