Unit 2 AP Psych ppt review

taken directly from the ppt and work we have done

what is 1

thalamus

what is 2

pineal gland

what is 3

hippocampus

what is 4

cerebellum

what is 5

basal ganglia

what is 6

cerebrum

what is 7

hypothalamus

what is 8

pituitary gland

what is 9

amygdala

what is 1

motor cortex

what is 2

sensory cortex

what is 3

wernickes area

what is 4

brocas area

what did Broca do

discovered brocas area

what did Wernicke do

discovered Wernickes area

what is an excitatory neurotransmitter

signals neuron activation

what is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

inhibits neuron activation

is serotonin a inhibitory or excitatory

inhibitory

is norepinephrine a inhibitory or excitatory

excitatory

is epinephrine a inhibitory or excitatory

excitatory

is dopamine a inhibitory or excitatory

both

is gaba a inhibitory or excitatory

inhibitory

is glutamate a inhibitory or excitatory

excitatory

are endorphins a inhibitory or excitatory

inhibitory

is acetylcholine a inhibitory or excitatory

inhibitory

what is phrenology

a complex process that involved feeling the bumps in the skull to determine an individuals psychological attributes. These bumps contributed to his brain map.

who invented phrenology

Frantz Joseph Gall

what were the basic assumptions of Gall?

by examining the shape and unevenness of the skull, one could discover the development of certain cerebral organs which are responsible for different intellectual aptitudes and character traits

Phrenological parlors

abused the science for commercial purposes and created a bad reputation of the science

what is a and what does it do

dendrites, receivers

what is b and what does it do

nucleus, control cell

what is c

cell body

what is d and what does it do

myelin sheath, insulating fatty layer that speeds transmission

what is e and what does it do

schwann’s cells, they make the myelin

what is f and what does it do

axon (the conducting fiber) and/or the node of ranvier (axonal membrane that is not insulated by the myelin sheath)

what is g and what does it do

axon terminals, transmitters

what do sensory (afferent) neurons do

they bring info from sensory receptors to the cns

what do interneurons do

neurons in the brain and spinal cord that serve as intermediary between sensory and motor neurons

what do motor (efferent) neurons do

carry info from the cns to the appropriate muscles to carry out behaviors and body movements

what is a neural impulse

the electrical and chemical transmission of info from one neuron to another

communication within a neuron is

electrical

communication between neurons is

chemical

how does a neuron pass its messages to another neuron

by releasing chemical neurotransmitters into the synapse

change of the neuron during a neural impulse

inside a neuron ions are negative, outside they are positive

what is an ion

a particle that is electrically charged, an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons

what are the two kinds of ions during a neural impulse

sodium (Na+, outside), potassium (K+, inside)

what is a selectively permeable membrane

the outer membrane of the neuron which selectively allows some ions to pass back and forth, only small ions can fit

what is the order of the firing of a neuron

resting, stimulus, threshold, absolute refractory period, repolarization

what is resting potential

the neuron is polarized, stable, inactive, and ready to fire (receive and send info)

what is stimulus

stimulation that triggers the firing of a neuron and the info is brought to the body by a sensory receptor and then brought to the dendrites of a neuron

what is threshold

if it is reached then action potential will occur. It determines if the stimulus is strong enough to create action

what is all or nothing law

a neural impulse will either occur or not if threshold is reached

what is action potential

when the stimulus reaches a certain threshold and the neural membrane opens at one area to allow the positively charged ions to come in and the negative to go out

what is the absolute refractory period

brief period which the neuron is unable to have another action potential

what is repolarization

the neuron tries to restore its charge by dumping out the positive ions and bringing back the negative ones

what is the cns

the brain and spinal cord

neurons in the cns

interneurons

what is encases the nerves in the cns

bone

what does the cns communicate with

sensory receptors, muscles, glands via the peripheral nervous system

what is the peripheral nervous system

divided into the autonomic and somatic systems, all the nerves not encased in bone

Peripheral nervous system function

carry messages to and from the cns

what kind of neurons are in the peripheral nervous system

all but mainly motor and sensory

what is the somatic nervous system

controls voluntary muscle movement, carries messages from the cns to coordinate muscles

what is the autonomic nervous system

controls glands and muscles related to our organs, mostly involuntary but possible to override

parts of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous system

What does the autonomic nervous system do

bodys involuntary (automatic) actions

what is the sympathetic nervous system

arousal responses, how we respond to stress or environmental cues

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system functions

quiet and calm the body to restore its energy, return to homeostasis, sends signals to slow your heart rate, breathing, and speed up digestive tract

“fight or flight“

sympathetic nervous system

“rest and digest“

parasympathetic nervous system

what is the enteric nervous system

directly controls gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder. Operates independently from the cns

enteric nervous system function

in charge of the digestive process

what kind of neurons does the enteric nervous system have

efferent, afferent, and interneurons

what is the brain stem

where the spinal cord and brain meet

brain stem functions

automatic survival functions

what is the pons

acts as a pathway for motor and sensory info between the body and brain

pons function

recognition of facial expressions, implicated in sleep paralysis, and generates dreams

medulla oblongata functions

autonomic functions: breathing, blood pressure, heart rate

cerebellum functions

muscle movements, motor control, balance, coordination, precision, accurate judgement of time

what is the midbrain

coordinates movements with sensory info, contains reticular formation

midbrain functions

arousal, focus ability, wake/sleep cycle, filter incoming stimuli (discriminate irrelevant background stimuli)

what is yellow

cerebral cortex

what is green

limbic system

what is blue

midbrain

what is red

hindbrain

reticular formation functions

arousal, ability to focus, wake/sleep cycle, filter incoming stimuli

what is the reticular activation system (RAS)

regulates sleep and wake cycle by turning sensory processing on and off

what is the limbic system

includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

limbic system functions

emotional life, formation of memories

what is the thalamus

in the forebrain, like a hub through which all sensory traffic passes

what is the thalamus function

receives sensory info (except smell), and sends it to the appropriate area

what is the reward center

hypothalamus

hypothalamus functions

reward system, body temp, hunger and thirst, sexual. arousal, influence pituitary gland and endocrine system, maintain homeostasis

hippocampus functions

involved in memory formation, organization, and storing

why is the limbic system important

forms new memories, connects emotions and senses (smell and sound) to memories

where is the hippocampus located

one in each brain hemisphere

amygdala functions

involved in emotions and motivations

how is the brain controlled

contralateral (left controls right side, vice versa)

what is brain lateralization

functions of each brain hemisphere are managed differently