Com 10 midterm review

Interdisciplinary

borrows from sociology, psychology, anthropology etc.

Norm

rules for what behavior is acceptable. Social rules generally conformed to

Folkways

*norm*

Most lightly held rules

Mores

Strongly held rules

Taboos

Most strongly held rules

SEMCDR Model

source

Source

The originating person with an idea

Encoder

The person, who puts it into the form someone else can understand

Message

3 aspects: message code, message content, message treatment

Channel

Refers to the way messages are sent (ex. Face-to-face, over the internet)

Decoder

A person that interprets the code sent by source and transmitting into a form that the receiver can understand

Receiver

person who receives the idea/coded message. Usually in the form of listening or hearing

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Who gets the message

Code

shared group of symbols both verbal and nonverbal (ex. Language, colors, music, hand signals)

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Symbol system

Content

Beginning to the end of message
The “what” being communicated

Treatment

How the content is delivered or conveyed.

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Reveals the style, personality, relationship (ex. The way you treat the message from your mom, significant other, and pet would be different)

Double bind

Contradiction of what is said vs how it said.

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A clash between content and treatment resulting in two or more conflicting messages contradicting each other (ex. Saying “I’m happy” angrily)

High fidelity

Message gets through from source to receiver without any distortion

Noise

Anything that distorts the message; can occur at any time

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\*\*enemy of fidelity

Internal noise

Within individuals in the communication process (ex. Hunger in the individual which stops them from listening carefully)

external noise

physical, social world (ex. Weather, physical noise)

Feedback

Response to a message

Circular model

Any model that incorporates feedback

Linear model

A model that doesn’t incorporate feedback.

SEMCDR model

4 systems of communication

\-intrapersonal

\-interpersonal

\-small group

\-mass communication

Intrapersonal

communication within yourself

Interpersonal

communication with one other person

Small group

communication with a group of three or more people (you know everyone)

Mass communication

a group so big you don’t notice who isn’t there.

Dyadic

form of interpersonal communication that refer to the quantitative quality of a communication relationship between two people. It is also known as inter-personal communication.

Mediation

something that intercedes two or more things.

Physical, inanimate thing coming between source and receiver

Non-mediated interpersonal communication

Talking face-to-face

Mediated interpersonal communication

Calling/texting

Non-mediated small group communication

Group of people talking face-to-face

Mediated small group communication

Zoom call, group chat

Non-mediated intrapersonal communication

Thinking your thoughts

Mediated intrapersonal communication

Journaling, grocery lists, to-do lists, mirrors, alarm clock, notes, recordings, calendar, drugs and alcohol

Non-mediated mass communication

Lecture halls (public communication)

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Public communication is non-mediated mass communication

Mediated mass communication

Radio, television, news, websites

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Impersonal, less dynamic, less feedback

Perception

Complex process by which those perceive, collect, organize, and interpret sensory things

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Begins with operation of 5 senses

Perception-Analysis

Second part of perception in which stimuli from the world around observer is synthesized

Active stage, focusing and organizing

Perception-Reception

Mechanical senses

Factors within stimuli/objects which influence perception

\-easy/obvious

\-intensity

\-contrast

\-repetition

Factors within ourselves which influence perception

\-past learning experiences

\-culture

\-language

\-motivation

\-stereotypes

\-roles

\-mood

\-attitude

\-psychological tendencies

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Language shapes the way you perceive reality

Stereotypes

Aren’t always negative, but tend to have a negative twist

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When someone contradicts a stereotype, we consider them the exception

Selective Exposure

Tendency to only expose ourselves to stimulus we align with

Selective Attention

Tendency to pay attention to things you agree with and not pay attention to things you don’t agree with

Selective Retention

Tendency to recall things you agree with and tendency to forget things you disagree with

Verbal language

Symbol system composed of words

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Stand for/refer to things in the real world

Bypassing

Problem with verbal language

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Different words with the same meaning or same word with a different meaning

Abstraction

Problem with verbal language

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Generalizing (ex. Stereotyping)

Euphemism

Problem with verbal language

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Pleasant word/phrasing in place of blunt one. May obscure meaning of message

Relative language

Problem with verbal language

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Comparative language. Words only clearly defined through comparison

Static evaluation

Problem with verbal language

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Using words to make things more static than they really are<
\*it is better to attach these types of words to a time or place

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Language is limited/reality is unlimited

Problem with verbal language

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We make more distinctions about reality than we have words to describe them with.

Our words can’t capture complete reality of our world

Subcultural differences

Problem with verbal language

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Ex. Different regions speak the same language differently

Words serve functions

1. Stand for/refer to things in real world
2. We can perform actions with our words
3. Words evoke emotion
4. Words reduce uncertainty
5. Words express complexity
6. Words promote human contact (meaningful interactions)

Cultural differences in use of language

Elaborate vs succinct

\-some languages more elaborate than others

\-succinct language valued more in a society which value silence/fewer words

Formality vs informality in use of language

\-varies by culture

\-different levels of formality detect position of status

\-ex. US has very informal practices like addressing strangers by 1st name

Profanity

\-Varies from place-to-place, subculture-to-subculture

\-as it becomes more widespread, it loses its power/shock value

\-has become commonplace

\-words considered to be most forbidden change as culture changes

Cultural differences in use of language broken into 4 categories

1. Elaborate vs succinct
2. Formality
3. Structure
4. Profanity

The encounter has 3 stages

1. Anticipation
2. Direct contact
3. Reciprocity

Self-disclosure can be split into 5 categories

1. Open self
2. Hidden self
3. Blind self
4. Unknown self
5. Halo effect

Open self

What you and other people know about you

Hidden self

What only you know about yourself that other’s wouldn’t know at first glance. Ex-religion

Blind self

What others know about you that you don’t know

Ex-you snore in your sleep

Unknown self

What you and other’s don’t know about you

Ex-deep rooted trauma lol

Halo effect

When a person comes to know one trait of a person’s personality and uses that trait to paint a full picture of that person

Different types of intimacy

1. Physical intimacy
2. Intellectual intimacy
3. Emotional intimacy
4. Shared activity

8 reasons why are we more likely to make relationships with some and not others

1. Appearance
2. Similarity
3. Complementary
4. Reciprocity
5. Exchange
6. Competence
7. Proximity
8. Disclosure

Appearance

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

—most important in early stages

—general attraction

Similarity

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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We like people that like what we like

Complementary

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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Differences can strengthen a relationship when they are complimentary

Reciprocity

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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You like each other equally

Exchange

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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We seek out people who give us good things

Competence

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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We like people with abilities

Proximity

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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More likely to develop relationships with those close by

Disclosure

Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?

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Self-disclosing can build liking if you like what you hear

Phatic communication

Communication to open the channel for more communication—small talk

Coyness

Aspect of flirting

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marked by cute or sly playfulness or pretended shyness. using tricks to attract attention.

Body synchrony

Aspect of flirting

Mimicking/mirroring each other subconsciously

Submissive display

Showing little spirit/courage

Playing shy

10 stage model in relationships

1. Initiating stage
2. Experimenting
3. Intensifying
4. Integrating
5. Bonding
6. Differentiating
7. Circumscribing
8. Stagnation
9. Avoiding
10. Terminating

Initiating stage

Showing interest in making contact with someone else/getting to know them

Experimenting

Looking for common ground/finding favorable qualities

Intensifying

First stage where there is interpersonal relationship/commitment established

Integrating

As relationship strengthens, couple takes on role of social unit; now a pair, a couple

Bonding

Symbolic acts to show the world that this relationship exists

Ex. Marriage

Differentiating

As much as we are a couple, we are also individuals

Circumscribing

Decline in quality or quantity of communication between partners

Stagnation

If circumscribing continues, it can lead to stagnation. Lack of growth. Relationship has become routine/novelty

Avoiding

When stagnation becomes too unpleasant; excuses not to see other person

Terminating

Ending relationship/dissociating with one another

\-cost escalation strategy

\-pseudo de-escalation

\-withdrawal

\-fading away

\-fait accompli

\-state of relationship talk

6 basic types of nonverbal communication

1. Kinesics
2. Paralanguage
3. Space
4. Time
5. Artifacts
6. Environment

Emblems

\-related to kinesics

\-body movement directly translatable to a phrase

Ex. Peace sign

Illustrators

\-related to kinesics

\-movements accompanying verbal language

Ex. Hand movements to emphasize speech

Affect display

\-related to kinesics

\-humans display facial expressions

\-gestures and body language

Regulators

\-related to kinesics

\-Body movements that help us maintain/coordinate the act of speaking and listening

Ex. Nodding, eye contact

Adaptors

\-related to kinesics

\-how we move our body to feel more comfortable in given situation

\-idiosyncratic; fumbling with something to maintain focus

Paralanguage

Vocal but nonverbal aspects of Speech

such as your talking speed, pitch, intonation, volume and more