Studied by 6 peopleInterdisciplinary
borrows from sociology, psychology, anthropology etc.
Norm
rules for what behavior is acceptable. Social rules generally conformed to
Folkways
norm
Most lightly held rules
Mores
Strongly held rules
Taboos
Most strongly held rules
SEMCDR Model
source<encoder<message<channel<decoder<receiver
Source
The originating person with an idea
Encoder
The person, who puts it into the form someone else can understand
Message
3 aspects: message code, message content, message treatment
Channel
Refers to the way messages are sent (ex. Face-to-face, over the internet)
Decoder
A person that interprets the code sent by source and transmitting into a form that the receiver can understand
Receiver
person who receives the idea/coded message. Usually in the form of listening or hearing
Who gets the message
Code
shared group of symbols both verbal and nonverbal (ex. Language, colors, music, hand signals)
Symbol system<symbols used to communicate
Content
Beginning to the end of message<first to last symbol.
The “what” being communicated
Treatment
How the content is delivered or conveyed.
Reveals the style, personality, relationship (ex. The way you treat the message from your mom, significant other, and pet would be different)
Double bind
Contradiction of what is said vs how it said.
A clash between content and treatment resulting in two or more conflicting messages contradicting each other (ex. Saying “I’m happy” angrily)
High fidelity
Message gets through from source to receiver without any distortion
Noise
Anything that distorts the message; can occur at any time
**enemy of fidelity
Internal noise
Within individuals in the communication process (ex. Hunger in the individual which stops them from listening carefully)
external noise
physical, social world (ex. Weather, physical noise)
Feedback
Response to a message
Circular model
Any model that incorporates feedback
Linear model
A model that doesn’t incorporate feedback.
SEMCDR model
4 systems of communication
-intrapersonal
-interpersonal
-small group
-mass communication
Intrapersonal
communication within yourself
Interpersonal
communication with one other person
Small group
communication with a group of three or more people (you know everyone)
Mass communication
a group so big you don’t notice who isn’t there.
Dyadic
form of interpersonal communication that refer to the quantitative quality of a communication relationship between two people. It is also known as inter-personal communication.
Mediation
something that intercedes two or more things.
Physical, inanimate thing coming between source and receiver
Non-mediated interpersonal communication
Talking face-to-face
Mediated interpersonal communication
Calling/texting
Non-mediated small group communication
Group of people talking face-to-face
Mediated small group communication
Zoom call, group chat
Non-mediated intrapersonal communication
Thinking your thoughts
Mediated intrapersonal communication
Journaling, grocery lists, to-do lists, mirrors, alarm clock, notes, recordings, calendar, drugs and alcohol
Non-mediated mass communication
Lecture halls (public communication)
Public communication is non-mediated mass communication
Mediated mass communication
Radio, television, news, websites
Impersonal, less dynamic, less feedback
Perception
Complex process by which those perceive, collect, organize, and interpret sensory things
Begins with operation of 5 senses
Perception-Analysis
Second part of perception in which stimuli from the world around observer is synthesized
Active stage, focusing and organizing
Perception-Reception
Mechanical senses<operation of senses
Factors within stimuli/objects which influence perception
-easy/obvious
-intensity
-contrast
-repetition
Factors within ourselves which influence perception
-past learning experiences
-culture
-language
-motivation
-stereotypes
-roles
-mood
-attitude
-psychological tendencies
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language shapes the way you perceive reality
Stereotypes
Aren’t always negative, but tend to have a negative twist
When someone contradicts a stereotype, we consider them the exception
Selective Exposure
Tendency to only expose ourselves to stimulus we align with
Selective Attention
Tendency to pay attention to things you agree with and not pay attention to things you don’t agree with
Selective Retention
Tendency to recall things you agree with and tendency to forget things you disagree with
Verbal language
Symbol system composed of words
Stand for/refer to things in the real world
Bypassing
Problem with verbal language
Different words with the same meaning or same word with a different meaning
Abstraction
Problem with verbal language
Generalizing (ex. Stereotyping)
Euphemism
Problem with verbal language
Pleasant word/phrasing in place of blunt one. May obscure meaning of message
Relative language
Problem with verbal language
Comparative language. Words only clearly defined through comparison
Static evaluation
Problem with verbal language
Using words to make things more static than they really are<<implies consistency (ex. Unchangeable trait)
*it is better to attach these types of words to a time or place
Language is limited/reality is unlimited
Problem with verbal language
We make more distinctions about reality than we have words to describe them with.
Our words can’t capture complete reality of our world
Subcultural differences
Problem with verbal language
Ex. Different regions speak the same language differently
Words serve functions
Stand for/refer to things in real world
We can perform actions with our words
Words evoke emotion
Words reduce uncertainty
Words express complexity
Words promote human contact (meaningful interactions)
Cultural differences in use of language
Elaborate vs succinct
-some languages more elaborate than others
-succinct language valued more in a society which value silence/fewer words
Formality vs informality in use of language
-varies by culture
-different levels of formality detect position of status
-ex. US has very informal practices like addressing strangers by 1st name
Profanity
-Varies from place-to-place, subculture-to-subculture
-as it becomes more widespread, it loses its power/shock value
-has become commonplace
-words considered to be most forbidden change as culture changes
Cultural differences in use of language broken into 4 categories
Elaborate vs succinct
Formality
Structure
Profanity
The encounter has 3 stages
Anticipation
Direct contact
Reciprocity
Self-disclosure can be split into 5 categories
Open self
Hidden self
Blind self
Unknown self
Halo effect
Open self
What you and other people know about you
Hidden self
What only you know about yourself that other’s wouldn’t know at first glance. Ex-religion
Blind self
What others know about you that you don’t know
Ex-you snore in your sleep
Unknown self
What you and other’s don’t know about you
Ex-deep rooted trauma lol
Halo effect
When a person comes to know one trait of a person’s personality and uses that trait to paint a full picture of that person
Different types of intimacy
Physical intimacy
Intellectual intimacy
Emotional intimacy
Shared activity
8 reasons why are we more likely to make relationships with some and not others
Appearance
Similarity
Complementary
Reciprocity
Exchange
Competence
Proximity
Disclosure
Appearance
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
—most important in early stages
—general attraction
Similarity
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
We like people that like what we like
Complementary
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
Differences can strengthen a relationship when they are complimentary
Reciprocity
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
You like each other equally
Exchange
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
We seek out people who give us good things
Competence
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
We like people with abilities
Proximity
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
More likely to develop relationships with those close by
Disclosure
Why are we more likely to form relationships with some and not others?
Self-disclosing can build liking if you like what you hear
Phatic communication
Communication to open the channel for more communication—small talk
Coyness
Aspect of flirting
marked by cute or sly playfulness or pretended shyness. using tricks to attract attention.
Body synchrony
Aspect of flirting
Mimicking/mirroring each other subconsciously
Submissive display
Showing little spirit/courage
Playing shy
10 stage model in relationships
Initiating stage
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnation
Avoiding
Terminating
Initiating stage
Showing interest in making contact with someone else/getting to know them
Experimenting
Looking for common ground/finding favorable qualities
Intensifying
First stage where there is interpersonal relationship/commitment established
Integrating
As relationship strengthens, couple takes on role of social unit; now a pair, a couple
Bonding
Symbolic acts to show the world that this relationship exists
Ex. Marriage
Differentiating
As much as we are a couple, we are also individuals
Circumscribing
Decline in quality or quantity of communication between partners
Stagnation
If circumscribing continues, it can lead to stagnation. Lack of growth. Relationship has become routine/novelty
Avoiding
When stagnation becomes too unpleasant; excuses not to see other person
Terminating
Ending relationship/dissociating with one another
-cost escalation strategy
-pseudo de-escalation
-withdrawal
-fading away
-fait accompli
-state of relationship talk
6 basic types of nonverbal communication
Kinesics
Paralanguage
Space
Time
Artifacts
Environment
Emblems
-related to kinesics
-body movement directly translatable to a phrase
Ex. Peace sign
Illustrators
-related to kinesics
-movements accompanying verbal language
Ex. Hand movements to emphasize speech
Affect display
-related to kinesics
-humans display facial expressions
-gestures and body language
Regulators
-related to kinesics
-Body movements that help us maintain/coordinate the act of speaking and listening
Ex. Nodding, eye contact
Adaptors
-related to kinesics
-how we move our body to feel more comfortable in given situation
-idiosyncratic; fumbling with something to maintain focus
Paralanguage
Vocal but nonverbal aspects of Speech
such as your talking speed, pitch, intonation, volume and more
Note
Flashcard