Studied by 21 people
Philosophy
the love of wisdom
Autonomy
the freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning
Plato
student of socrates, preached "doing philosophy", said philosophy is an activity, teacher to Aristotle, performed in an intimate environment with trust, wrote Euthyphro The Republic The Apology and Crito
Socrates
came up with the socratic method, considered the father of philosophy, questioned conventional beliefs in Athens on a quest for wisdom, left no writings of his own
Epistemology
looks at the extent and realiability of our knowledge, truth, and logic, and whether knowledge is possible
Metaphysics
looks at the ultimate characteristics of reality of existence
Ethics
asks about our moral obligations and moral virtues; our moral principles; what is morally good; and the morality of behaviours, social policies, and social institutions
Thales
presocratic, explaining reality, made of water, first to take philosophical approach
Anaximander
presocratic, reality was boundless
Anaximenes
presocratic, air is the source of things, similar to Thales
Empedocles
presocratic, matter was made up of the 4 elements
Heraclitus
presocratic, reality is changing
Democritus
western materialism, everything consists of atoms and empty space
Pythagoras
influential math thinker, believed everything derived from numbers
Xenophanes
presocratic, suggested one god who was not anthropomorphic, or a god who did not imitate human qualities
Parmenides
presocratic, change is an illusion, founded Eleatic school
Zeno of Elea
presocratic with Parmenides, change is an illusion
Gail Stenstad
feminist philosopher, anarchic thinking
Victor Frankl
a Jewish philosopher who saw humans as ultimately free beings
Mohandas Gandhi
jain philosopher, knowledge predates senses
Selfish View
believed that humans are basically self-interested and act on survival
Selfish View
Sigmund Freud, Thomas Hobbes and Moritz Schlick
Western Religious View
humans are made in the image and likeness of God
Western Religious View
St. Augustin of Hippo & St. Thomas Aquinas
Rationalist View
we see ourselves as reasoning, free, moral beings who have an immaterial soul
Rationalist View
Plato, Aristotle
Materialist View
only the material body exists
Materialist View
Hooves, Schlick, Ninian Smart
Existential View
there is no God to determine our nature, so humans have no purpose or nature except the one they make themselves
Existential View
Sartre
No-Self View
gets rid of the self all together, holds that nothing in the universe, not even the self remains the same
No-Self View
Hume, Buddha
Darwinian View
said that some creatures have random variations that can be inherited by offspring, and those with advantageous variations survive and pass them on
Dualism
we can think of the self without a body, so it is not a body; we cannot think of the self without thinking, which is not a material act
Dualism
Descartes
Feminist View
claims that emotions, desires & reason are equal, says that the traditional rationalistic view and Platos theories are sexist
Scientific View
said the mind is a computer following a program that generates certain outputs when given certain inputs
Scientific View
Alan Turing
Materialism (Hobbes)
the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality
Idealism (Berkeley)
holds that reality consists of minds and their ideas
Theism
there is God
Pantheism
everything is God
Panentheism
everything is God but God is still his his own entity
Deism
God is transcendent but no imminent
Objections to ontological argument
existence is not property or a part of the concept of a thing
Teleological
proof of God through design
Objections to the design argument
for all we know nature and living are made by a non-intelligent mechanisms, Darwins natural selection,
Criticism to Aquinas proof
can be disapproved by Newton, it is possible for the series of movers and causes in the universe to be infinite
Atheism
there is no God
Agnosticism
no commitment to God or no God
Mysticism
he direct experience of a religious reality, involve the feelings of dependence, mystery, terror, and bliss
Religious Experience
Many believe in God not on the basis of rational proofs but because of a direct personal experience of the divine
Will to Believe
it is legitimate (not wrong) to choose on the basis of our "passional nature," even without sufficient evidence in support of the option we choose
Ethical Absolutism
is the view that there is one and only one correct set of moral standards that everyone should follow everywhere and always
Ethical relativism
argues that because societies differ in the moral standards they accept, it follows that there is no single correct set of moral standards everyone should adopt; instead, people should follow the standards that their own society accepts
Consequentialist
category of theories hold that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences than any other action
Ethical egoism
type of egoism that claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for oneself than any other action
Hedonist egoists
such as Epicurus claim that good consequences are those that produce pleasure for oneself, whereas bad consequences are those that produce pain
Utilitarianism
claims that a morally right action is one that produces more good and fewer bad consequences for everyone than any other action
Non-Consequentialist
category of theories that claim that whether an act is right or wrong depends on factors other than or in addition to the non-moral value of relevant consequences
Aquinass principle of double effect
says that when an action has both a good and a bad effect-it produces one good but destroys another
Kants first categorical imperative
says that to be a morally good person I must never do something unless it is what I believe everyone ought to do
Aristotles theory of virtue
says humans will achieve happiness only by fulfilling their specific purpose, which is to exercise their reason, and to do so in an excellent or virtuous way
Feminist Ethics
Gilligan
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
Justice
includes both retributive , which looks at how fair punishments are, and distributive , which looks at how fairly society distributes benefits and burdens
Justice as merit
holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed unequally according to peoples ability, effort, achievement, or social status
Justice as strict equality
holds that everyone should have equal shares of societys benefits and burdens
Egalitarians
say there are no relevant differences among people, so all should be treated equally
Justice as moderate egalitarianism
holds that political rights and economic opportunities should be distributed equally but that all other economic benefits and burdens should be distributed according to the relevant differences among people
Justice as social utility
holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed so as to maximize social benefits and minimize social harms
Socialist justice
holds that burdens should be distributed by ability and benefits by need
Justice in the welfare liberalism
of Rawls requires equal liberty in societys political institutions, equal opportunity for desirable jobs and positions, and the difference principle, which says economic inequalities are just only if they produce benefits for the least advantaged
Justice in the classical liberalism
of Nozick holds that equality and maximum liberty are just in the political arena but that economic goods should be distributed as people freely choose to distribute what they make or are given
Social Contract
Rawls
Social Contract
argues that a just government is one we would choose to live under if we chose without knowing whether we would be rich or poor, black or white, and so forth
General Will
Rousseau
General Will
argued that without government, peoples property and security are at risk
Freedom
society in general and government in particular must grant each individual the freedom to believe what she wishes, the freedom to live as she wishes, and the freedom to associate with whomever she wishes, so long as she harms no one in the process
Communitarian Critique
argue that social contract theory mistakenly ignores Aristotles and Hegels claim that government is not an artificial construct but is a natural outgrowth of our social nature
Just War
would condemn terrorism because it is usually violence that is not authorized by a legitimate authority
jus ad bellum
justice when approaching war
jus in bello
justice when in war
Anselm’s ontological proof
(1) God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived
(2) than which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality and not merely in the mind
(3) so God exists in reality
Paley’s Argument of Design
(1) If we find an artifact, like a watch, that is designed to achieve a purpose, we can conclude it was made by an intelligent being.
(2) But things we find in nature, especially living things and their parts, are designed to achieve a purpose.
(3) So, by analogy, we can conclude they were made by an intelligent being, and this is God.
Aquinas’ cosmological proof
(1) Some things move.
(2) What moves must be moved by another moving thing, which must be moved by another moving thing, and so on.
(3) This series of moving movers cannot be infinite, for then their motion would have no origin.
(4) The origin of their motion cannot be moving, for then it would have to be moved by another.
(5) This unmoving origin of motion is God.
Act Utilitarianism
type of utilitarianism claims that the right action is the one that itself produces more pleasure and less pain for everyone than any other action.
Rule Utilitarianism
is supposed to not have the wrong implications that act utilitarianism does.
Divine Command Theory
is a nonconsequentialist theory that says the morally right action is the one that God commands for example, in scripture.
Natural Law ethics
says that human nature has certain natural tendencies and that morally right actions are those that follow these natural tendencies.
Kant’s Second Categorical Imperative
Every human being is an end in himself. we should always treat people as ends in themselves and not use them as means to achieve our own goals
Buddhism
considers volitional actions as supremely important because they contribute to a person’s karma, which then determines a person’s future. Also considers morality and wisdom to be closely related.
Feminist Ethics
claims that moral development in women moves through
(1) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for themselves,
(2) a level in which they are overly devoted to caring for others
(3) a level in which they balance caring for others and for themselves.
Friedrich Nietzsche
“God is dead! God remains dead! And we have killed him! How shall we console ourselves, the most murderous of all murderers? Shall we not ourselves have to become Gods?”
Mary Wollstonecraft
“I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that [the] virtues [of men and women] should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard?”
Julien Offroy
the idea that humans are nothing more than complex machines is associated with
Kant’s God Theory
people are forced to believe in a supreme being because of obligation
freud
god is an illusion
consciousness
awareness of things when asleep or when waking
Note 
Flashcard (21)