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Nutrient
 substance in food that the body uses to promote normal growth, maintenance and repair
Water
Nutrient that is essential for health body function and accounts for 60% of the total food we eat.
carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
5 main nutrients
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Fats
macronutrients: [3]
Vitamins
Minerals
Micronutrients: [2]
Essential nutrients
40 molecules that diet must provide. Cannot be produced fast enough by the body.
Nonessential nutrients
If not enough of these nutrients are available in the body, the liver can convert into another nutrient if needed.
Build cell structures
Replace worn out parts
synthesize functional molecules
Create ATP
Nutrients are used by cells to: [4]
ATP, the chemical energy that is used in the body
Most nutrients in the body are metabolized and transformed into what?
Carbohydrate.
Nutrient that accoutns for 65% of total calorie intake.
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
Two kinds of carbohydrates:
Complex carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that we need in diet. Comes from bread, cereal, crackers, flour…
Simple carbohydrates
Carbohydrates that might be avoided in diet. Sugars, candy, fruit, ice cream…
Fiber
Indigestible carbohydrates:
Lipids
Nutrient that comes from animal and plant sources, makes up about 20-35% of caloric intake.
Cholesterol
Type of lipid that is created by the liver, we don’t need to take it in (should consume as little as possible)
Protein
Nutrient that accounts for 12-20% of total caloric intake. Building blocks are amino acids.
Complete proteins
Proteins that come from eggs, milk, milk products, meat, soybeans
Incomplete proteins
Proteins that come from legumes, nuts and seeds, grains and cereals, and vegetables.
Vitamin
Organic compounds that are crucial in helping body use nutrients:
Coenzyme
Role that a vitamin that when they act with an enzyme to accomplish a particular chemical task
Vitamin D (synthesized in the skin
Some B and K synthesized by intestinal bacteria
Beta-carotene (from carrots) converted in body to vitamin A
All vitamins can be ingested, except [3]
No one food group contains all vitamins - highlights the importance of a balanced diet
Why is a balanced diet important concerning vitamins?
Water-soluble
Fat-soluble
Types of vitamins in body based on solubility: [2]
A
D
E
K
Fat-soluble vitamins: [4]
K
All fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, except vitamin ______
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamins that cannot be stored in the body. If they are not used within an hour, are excreted.
Free radicals
Dangerous substances that are produced during normal metabolism. Vitamins counter-balance them and they are no longer dangerous.
Antioxidants
Vitamins C, E, and A along with selenium neutralize free radicals They are called:
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Chloride
Chlorine
magnesum
Minerals required in moderate amounts: [7]
Urinary system
System that ensures proper levels of minerals in the blood is maintained, to prevent toxic overload:
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical reactions inside a cell involving nutrients
Anabolism
Metabolic process involving synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones
Catabolism:
Metabolic breakdown of complex structures to simpler ones
Glycolysis
The citric acid (Krebb’s) cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Three key catabolic processes involved in cellular respiration:
Cellular respiration
Process of deriving energy from the food we eat. Results in the breakdown of food fuels to form ATP.
Glycogen
Fats
How can energy (glucose) be stored: [2]
digestion and absorption in GI tract
Nutrients are then transported to blood cells.
No nutrients in blood, metabolism does not work
Describe stage 1 of metabolism
Nutrients are built into lipids, proteins, and glycogen
Nutrients can be broken down into smaller particles
One of two things can happen in the cytoplasm of tissue cells during stage 2 of metabolism:
Pyruvic acid
Most substances that get broken down during the second stage of metabolism end up as what?
Process is almost entirely catabolic
Requires oxygen and gives off CO2
Results in a large amount of ATP being created
Describe stage 3 of metabolism:
Carbohydrates. once digested, carbs are ultimately transformed into glucose (the body’s main energy source)
The body’s “go-to” energy source is
Insulin
Hormone that assists glucose to get into cells. Released by pancreatic islet cells
Insulin increases active transport of amino acids into cells that increase protein synthesis
effect of insulin on protein synthesis:
Glycogenolysis
process happening in the liver. Breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose into the bloodstream. Increased blood glucose levels
Glucogenesis
Process happening in the liver. Creation of new glucose from other substences. Resulting in more glucose being released into the blood stream.
Glycogenolysis
Glucogenesis
Stimulates fat to be used instead of glucose for energy
Processes stimulated by glucagon: [3]
Fats
Body’s most concentrated source of energy:
lymph
How are products of fat transported for the most part?
Triglycerides, broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
Main lipid used for energy:
Part of glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation
What pathway of cellular respiration do fats feed into?
Fatty deposits provides cushioning
Use lipids to build cell membrane
Important part of myelin sheath
Ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortex use cholesterol to produce hormones
Absorb fat-soluble vitamins
Numerous functions of the liver (forming bile salts)
Functions of lipids, excluding energy source: [6]
To build new proteins. Much of cell structure is protein-based. Can be used to build or repair structures.
Why does the body require amino-acids?
used for energy (when carbs and lipids are unavailable) and
Stored as fat
Excess proteins cannot be stored. They are either: [2]
Process occurs in the liver
How are amino acids used as an energy source? [through which organ}?
Produces bile
Processes nearly every class of nutrient
Absorbs and stores glucose as glycogen
Regulating plasma cholesterol levels
Stores vitamins and minerals
Filters blood (detoxifies)
Metabolizes alcohol, drugs, hormones, and bilirubin.
Metabolic functions of the liver (it has over 500, but name ones mentioned in class)