biol215 test 2

3 enzymes involved in phosphate transfer

phosphorylase catalyzes addition of phosphate group involving inorganic phosphate

kinases catalyze the addition phosphate group involving ATP

Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolytic removal of phosphate groups

why is atp the main energy currency

opposing charges + decreased resonance stabilization + free energy of hydrolysis

oxidoreductase

oxidation reduction reactions

transferase

transfer of functional groups from one molecule to another

hydrolase

hydrolytic cleavage of one molecule into 2

lyases

removal of a group from or addition of a group to a molecule with rearrangement of electrons

isomerase

movement of functional group within a molecule

Ligase

Joining of two molecules to form a single molecule

nuclease

type of hydrolase that breaks down nucleic acid by hydrolyzing bonds between nucleotides

proteases

type of hydrolase that breaks down proteins by hydrolyzing bonds between amino acids

synthases

synthesizes molecules in anabolic reactions by condensing 2 smaller molecules together

ATPases

hydrolase that hydroylzes ATP into ADP+ P

ATP synthase

Synthesizes ATP from ADP + P

pepsin

proteolytic enzyme inside stomach lime

trypsin

proteolytic enzyme in small intestine

enzyme kinetics

study of enzyme catalyzes reaction rates

v=

vmax[S]/Km+ [S]

km definition

k-1 + k2 /k-1

indicator of E-S affinity (inverse relationship, low km = natural S)

in line weaver burk plot what does slope, x intercept and y intercept mean

slope = km/vmax

x intercept = -1/km

y intercept = 1/Vmax

competitive inhibitor

vmax will only be achieved at high substrate concentration

non competitive inhibitor

vmax is reduced, km is unchanged

membrane functions

boundary/barrier

organization of cellular functions

transport

signal detection/ communication

fatty acids

starting point for lipids + energy source

Triglycerides

long term energy storage

glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains

FAs oxidized 2 Cs at a time

also an insulator

phospholipids function and 2 classes

building block of membrane

phsophoglycerides + sphingolipids

phosphoglyceride structure

glycerol backbone + 2 FAs + phosphate group + r group

Sphingolipid structure

sphingosine backbone + 1FA + phosphate + R group

phosphoglyceride vs sphingolipid

phosphoglyceride = 2 FA short less saturated chains

sphingolipid = 1 FA long saturated chain

glycolipid

lipid molecule with small sugar group attached