Equine Urogenital System Pt 1 - Dr. Masty

Peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and extends halfway into the pelvic cavity

Since the peritoneum only extends halfway into the pelvic cavity, it will form...

pouches

Three peritoneal pouches:

1.) rectogenital pouch

2.) vesicogenital pouch

3.) pubovesical pouch

rectogenital pouch is located between __________ and __________

rectum; reproductive organs

vesicogenital pouch is located between __________ and __________

bladder; reproductive organs (uterus or genital fold)

pubovesical pouch is located between __________ and __________

bladder and pubis

Poles of the kidneys

ends/extremities of the kidneys

Two poles of the kidney:

1.) cranial pole

2.) caudal pole

cranial pole of the kidney

pole pointed towards the head

caudal pole of the kidney

pole pointed towards the tail

There are two capsules that surround the kidney:

1.) connective tissue capsule

2.) adipose capsule

connective tissue capsule of the kidney

most superficial and covers the entirety of the kidney

adipose capsule of the kidney

fatty mass that cushions kidneys; on top of connective tissue capsule of the kidney

The peritoneal membrane covers only ______ side of the kidney

one (retroperitoneal)

The right kidney is under transverse processes _______

T16-18 & L1

The left kidney is under transverse processes _______

T18 & L1-3

Five parts of the kidney:

1.) renal hilus

2.) renal sinus

3.) renal pelvis

4.) terminal recess

5.) renal crest

renal hilus

topographic region for arteries and nerves to enter and leave the kidney

renal sinus

indented space in the region of the hilus filled with fat; surrounds the renal pelvis

renal pelvis

funnel shaped beginning of the ureter; normally produces mucus added to urine

terminal recess

tubular extension of the renal pelvis into the renal poles to collect urine; collects urine from the poles to the renal pelvis

renal crest

ridge of tissue that drains directly into the renal pelvis; collects urine from the center of kidney to the renal pelvis

What is produced in the ureter?

mucus in the proximal one third; added to the urine

Two areas of the renal system that produce mucus

1.) renal pelvis

2.) proximal third of ureter

In the male, the ureter is contained in...

the genital fold

In the female, the ureter is contained in...

the broad ligament of the uterus

The bladder has three ligaments:

1.) left lateral

2.) right lateral

3.) median

median ligament of the bladder

attaches to the ventral midline

median ligament of the bladder divides the _______ _____ into left and right halves

pubovesical pouch

Three parts of the bladder:

1.) apex

2.) body

3.) neck

apex of the bladder

round part, also called the vertex

body of the bladder

middle part

neck of the bladder

junction with urethra

trigone of the bladder

located in the dorsal wall of the bladder

the trigone of the bladder is formed by two things:

1.) entrance of left and right ureters

2.) internal urethral orifice

Urethra has two orifices:

1.) internal urethral orifice

2.) external urethral orifice

internal urethral orifice

entrance of the urethra

external urethral orifice

exit of the urethra

patent urachus

vestige of fetal connection of apex of the bladder to the placenta

Location of adrenal gland

medial to each kidney

Two structures of the adrenal gland

1.) cortex

2.) medula

The pelvis is made up of two parts:

1.) hip bone

2.) bony pelvis

hip bone

formed by the fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis

one hip bone is aka...

two hips bones together are aka...

os coxae

ossa caxarum

bony pelvis is made up of three things:

1.) hip bones (ossa coxarum)

2.) sacrum

3.) first 3 caudal vertebrae

Slope of the pelvis

line drawn from the tuber coxae to the ischiadic tuberosity

Clinical significance of the slope of the pelvis

the greater trochanter of the femur can be palpated along the line of the slope of the pelvis

Pelvic inlet

cranial opening of the pelvis

dorsal border of pelvic inlet

cranial edge of the sacrum

ventral border of pelvic inlet

cranial edge of pubis

lateral border of pelvic inlet

arcuate line of the ilium

The measurement from dorsal to ventral of the pelvic inlet is the _________ diameter

conjugate diameter

The measurement of widest point laterally of the pelvic inlet is the _________ diameter

transverse diameter

Pelvic outlet

caudal exit of the pelvic canal

dorsal boundary of pelvic outlet

caudal vertebrae #1-3

ventral boundary of pelvic outlet

ischial arch

lateral boundary of pelvic outlet

sacrosciatic ligament (very different from canine structure)

sacrosciatic ligament

large stretch of connective tissue making up the lateral border of the pelvic outlet

Sacrum

fused five sacral vertebrae

The sacrum has three prominences:

1.) promontory

2.) spinous processes

3.) lateral sacral crest

promontory of sacrum

swelling located on the ventral aspect of S1

spinous processes of sacrum

in the old horse, they may fuse to form the median sacral crest

lateral sacral crest of sacrum

fusion of transverse processes

The sacrum has foramina through which what passes through?

four spinal nerves

Dorsal sacral foramina

four foramina located on the dorsal aspect of the sacrum

Ventral sacral foramina

four foramina located on the ventral aspect of the sacrum; aka pelvic foramina

sacral canal

continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum

Two ligaments of the hip:

1.) sacroiliac ligament

2.) sacrosciatic ligament

sacroiliac ligament

sheet of connective tissue that passes from the tuber sacrale to lateral sacral crest

sacrosciatic ligament

sheet of connective tissue that passes from the lateral sacral crest to ischiadic spine and ischiadic tuberosity

Two associated structures of the pelvis:

1.) notches

2.) foramina

two notches of the pelvis

1.) greater sciatic notch

2.) lesser sciatic notch

greater sciatic notch

curved part of bone cranial to ischiadic spine

lesser sciatic notch

curved part of bone caudal to ischiadic spine

ischiadic spine

spine located dorsal to the acetabulum of pelvis

Two foramina of the pelvis

1.) greater sciatic foramen

2.) lesser sciatic foramen

greater sciatic foramen

passage for sciatic nerve and cranial gluteal artery

lesser sciatic foramen

passage of tendon of internal obturator

Perineum

area between vagina and anus

The perineum is both a ________ region and ___________

topographical; structure

dorsal superficial boundary of perineum

root of the tail

ventral superficial boundary of perineum

scrotum or mammary gland

lateral superficial boundary of perineum

semimembranosus muscle

dorsal deep boundary of perineum

end of the sacrum (sacrococcygeal junction)

ventral deep boundary of perineum

ichial arch

lateral deep boundary of perineum

sacrosciatic ligament

Four muscles associated with the perineum

1.) coccygeus

2.) levator ani

3.) retractor muscles (penis/clitoris)

4.) constrictor muscles (vestibuli and vulvae)

Perineal body

three dimensional structure formed by the muscle and connective tissue between the termination of the digestive and reproductive tracts

Five components of the perineal body

1.) smooth muscle of internal anal sphincter

2.) skeletal muscle of external anal sphincter

3.) connective tissue of rectovaginal septum

4.) muscle of vestibular and vaginal wall

5.) muscle of rectum and anal canal

rectovaginal septum

connective tissue that lies between the reproductive and digestive tracts

There can be ________ in the perineum during parturition

tears

Two types of tears of perineum:

1.) linear tears

2.) fistula

linear tears

laceration of varying degrees of the perineum

fistula

hole that pokes through the entirety of the perineum

Lumbosacral plexus

Network of nerves found at base of spinal cord that supplies the pelvic region

The nerves that form the lumbosacral plexus come from ________ branches of spinal nerves ____-____

ventral; L4-S4

All of the components of the lumbosacral plexus are located within the __________ ligament

sacrosciatic ligament

Three major components of the lumbosacral plexus:

1.) sciatic nerve and branches

2.) pudendal nerve

3.) caudal rectal nerve

Three branches of the sciatic nerve

1.) cranial gluteal nerve

2.) caudal gluteal nerve

3.) caudal cutaneous femoral nerve

cranial gluteal nerve

innervates gluteal muscles; located ventral in the sacrosciatic ligament