Hemp EXAM II

Dronabinol (Marinol®; Syndros®)

• Synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
• Indicated for use as an antiemetic (Anti-nausea) and appetite stimulant

Cannabidiol (Epidiolex®) (CBD)

• First plant-based pharmaceutical cannabinoid
• Indicated for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome or tuberous sclerosis complex

When was Marijuana prohibited by law?

1937

The Marihuana Tax Act was enacted.

When did “Medical Marijuana” become a thing?

1996

Legal access under a physician’s or provider’s supervision in 38 states.

When was Marijuana legalized for recreational use?

2012

Non-medical (adult use) permitted in 24 states, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam
• Additional states and territories have decriminalized its use
• Requires state legislatures to establish regulations for adult recreational use

What are the two classes of cannabinoids?

– Exogenous / Synthetic / Phyto cannabinoids (e.g., dronabinol)
– Endogenous / Natural cannabinoids (eCB) [e.g., anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)]

What is the purpose of the endocannabinoid system?

It performs different tasks in each tissue
– goal is homeostasis
• A variety of physiologic processes occur when cannabinoid receptors stimulated
– Appetite, pain, mood, memory
– “Relax, eat, sleep, forget and protect” – Vincenzo Di Marzo

Endocannabinoid Pharmacology

1. Endogenous cannabinoid compounds (2-AG and anadamide) are manufactured “ON DEMAND” (in response to an action potential in neurons).

2. Endocannabinoids activate pre-synaptic CB1 receptors which reside on terminals of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons.

3. Endocannabinoids are then rapidly deactivated by transport into cells (via an endocannabinoid transporter) followed by intracellular hydrolysis.

4. Pharmacological inhibitors of either endocannabinoid deactivation or
   transport (i.e., cannabinoid reuptake inhibitors, CBRIs) are in development
   to exploit the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid signaling system in the treatment of pain.

Endogenous cannabinoids

Endocannabinoids

• Anandamide (AEA) and
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
• Synthesized at or near
the site of action
• Rapidly degraded at the
site of action
• Quick and localized
signaling

Exogenous cannabinoids

Synthetic/Phytocannabinoids

• THC and CBD, others
• Pharmaceuticals (e.g.,
Sativex, Marinol, Epidiolex)
• Large volume of distribution
• Undergo hepatic metabolism
• Sustained, systemic effects

Location of CB1 and CB2 receptors?

CB1 receptors are mainly found in the brain and central nervous system. Affect… Motor activity, motor coordination, short-term memory, thinking, appetite, sedation, pain

CB2 receptors are primarily located in the immune system and peripheral tissues.

Routes of administering cannabis

1. Lungs
• Vaporized or smoked
• Organic material, hash, hash oils
2. Gut
• Oral ingestion (edibles, drinks)
• Lipophilic, alcoholic, supercritical fluid extracts of plant
material
3. Topical
• Skin application of plant extracts, e.g. creams
• Buccal absorption of plant extracts (tincture)

Adverse effects of cannabis (Specifically Central Nervous System)

▪ Psychiatric/behavioral effects
may be “state dependent”
o Psychosis
o Paranoia
o Anxiety
o Depression
▪ Dependence
▪ Impaired memory and focus
▪ Nightmares/insomnia
▪ Seizures
▪ Visual disturbances

Adverse effects of cannabis (Specifically Cardiovascular System)

▪ Hypertension (High blood pressure)
▪ Palpitations
▪ Stroke
▪ Increased Heart Rate / Abnormal

Dynamic maceration extraction (DM)

Dynamic maceration uses a thermostatic bath, ethanol, and a magnetic stirrer to control temperature and agitate the mixture. The solution is paper-filtered 3 times to remove excess material.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)

A technique that uses ultrasonic waves to bubble and extract compounds from plant material in the solvent.

Uses less solvent, it’s faster, energy efficient, and uses moderate temperatures which is beneficial for extracting heat-sensitive compounds.

Considered “clean technology”

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)

A technique that uses microwave energy to heat material in solvents to extract compounds.

Uses less solvent, is fast, and can extract multiple samples simultaneously.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE)

SFE involves using a supercritical fluid (Typically CO2) (In a state that gives it properties of both a gas and a liquid) to extract a material, then recovering the material by reducing the temperature or pressure of the fluid.

4 Major Pests for Outdoor Cultivation

- Russet Mite
- Corn Borer
- Slugs and Snails
- Rats, Mice and Moles (Rodents)

5 Major Pests for Indoor Cultivation

- Spider Mites
- Aphids
- Fungus Gnats
- Thrips
- White flies

5 Major Diseases for Outdoor Cultivation

- Gray Mold
- Fusarium
- Pythium and Crown Rot
- Hemp Stem Canker
- Olive Leaf Spot

2 Major Diseases for Indoor Cultivation

- Powdery Mildew
- Hop Latent Viroid (HPVd)

What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)?

A science-based approach to manage pests using a combination of techniques to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pests.

Methods:

• Setting economic thresholds (When serious action needs to be taken)

• Monitoring and Identification (You need to know what is present to figure solutions)

• Prevention (First line of defense. ex crop rotation, weeding, cleanliness)

• Control (Chemical, biological)

Key Stages for Inspecting/Scouting Cannabis

• Seeding/Cuttings from mother plants

• DIrect seeding fields

  • Tillage, nearby fields, review field history

• Transplanting from indoors

• Vegetative growth & Flower Stages

• Harvest

• Post-Harvest

• Final Product

Common Sources of Pests/Diseases

• Origin of genetics

  • Reliable source?

  • Clean cuttings? Quarantined long enough?

• Sanitation

  • Tools/Equipment

  • Natural Predators (Mice, deer, insects)

• Storage

  • During drying/curing process

  • Packaging/light exposure

• Environmental Conditions

  • Weather

  • Poor drainage

  • Nearby crops/fields

  • Diseased material left around