first 9 weeks

Southwest

Anasazi, Pueblo, cliff dwellers

Northwest

long houses, totem poles for lineage

Great Plains

\- Sioux - buffalo, 3 sisters farming

Midwest

Eastern Woodland, Adena-Hopewell=mound builders

Northeast

Iroquois Confederation

After European contact

small pox, reliance on European goods

European exploration

\*expanding trade- new trade routes \*improvements in technology- gunpowder, caravels, printing press, astrolabe \*rise of nation-states

Columbus

\*Colombian Exchange- transfer of plants, animals, minerals, germs back and forth across the Atlantic \*Treaty of Tordesillas- line of demarcation b/w Spain & Portugal

Spanish exploration

• role of conquistadores

• where?= Florida, New Mexico, Texas & California

• Spanish policy- Valladolid Debate: what is the difference between De Las Casas vs. Sepulveda; New Laws of 1542

• inclusion- mestizos; mission system; encomienda, asiento; caste system

• Pueblo Revolt- several tribes including the Zuni & Hopi rebelled against Spanish rule- resulted in the diminishment of encomienda and beginning of syncretism

French exploration

\* inclusion- fur trappers, intermarriage\* where- Quebec, Mississippi River Basin, N.O.

\* interest- fur & Catholic converts\* good relations w/ N.A. -why?

\* why slow to colonize- religious conflict b/w Catholics & Huguenots- (French Protestants who fled to America

Dutch exploration

\*where- Hudson River, New Amsterdam \* fur trade

Joint-stock Company

Type of business partnership – Stocks issued by a company on exchange for contributions – Way for investors to raise money for exploration of the New World while spreading the financial risk examples: Virginia Company, Massachusetts Bay Company

The Chesapeake

Region around Maryland, Virginia, Delaware – Swampy with more disease than other areas – Colonists less healthy – Typical immigrant was single male, probably indentured servant; economy- cash crops

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Non-Separatists; Colonists immigrated as families – Religious freedom (Puritans) –healthier – Fishing, shipbuilding, lumbering

Middle Colonies

\- Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, and New Jersey – Bread basket colonies – Dutch, Germans, English, Scots-Irish – Protestants, Quakers

New England

– Colonies east of what is now New York – English, Protestants

Connecticut

Hartford founded by Thomas Hooker w/ representative form of govt. w/ popular vote to elect governor; New Haven founded by John Davenport limited self-govt.; both left MBC to have religious freedom

Sir Walter Raleigh

– Tobacco – attempted Roanoke- Lost Colony outer banks of NC

Proprietary Colony

One or more private land-owners have rights that are usually the privilege of the state – Granted by King of England – (Example – William Penn)

Royal Colony

Colony of English subjects – By permission of the King – Jamestown

Jamestown

(1607)Virginia Company- 1 st English colony in the New World – almost failed-why?; Starving Time; John Smith- military rule; Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married John Rolfe who cultivated tobacco

Powhatan

Indian tribe from Chesapeake region – Indians that helped colonists through rough times but also fought with them sporadically

settlers

Scotch-Irish = frontiers; Germans & Dutch,= Pa & NY; English, French Huguenots- Canada

House of Burgesses

1st legislature in American history

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony – Questioned men in the church – Labeled antinomian heretic (don’t have to obey laws if you are already saved by grace) – Banished to Rhode Island to help found Providence

Roger Williams

banished from Mass.to establish R.I., believed in separation of church and state, fair treatment of Native-Americans- established Providence

Pilgrims

Separatists; A radical minority within the Puritan movement - Wanted to remove itself from the tainted English church and worship in its own independent congregations.- settled in Plymouth

Roger Winthrop

“City Upon a Hill”- Puritan cities like Boston should be harmonious model communities that would inspire others to emulate this Christian utopia

Puritans

Non-separatists who founded MBC- wanted to “purify” the Church of England – Believed it was too Catholic

Indentured Servitude

– A laborer under contract of an employer for a period of time (4-7 years), in exchange for ships passage – in many cases the servant would become indebted – causing extension of time of indenture.

Headright System

50 acres of land awarded to a landholder for each person or indentured servant brought over to the Chesapeake area

New England Confederation

\- although it was temporary, 1st time colonies allied together to fight against Native Americans; MBC, Plymouth, Ct., & New Haven

Holy Experiment

to create a haven for Quakers, fair treatment of Native-Americans; Frame of Government- representative assembly elected by landowners; Charters of Liberties- state constitution that promised freedom of religion even for non-Quakers, pacifists, town planning- Philly

Mercantilism

Economic Theory – Prosperity of a nation depends on its capital – drove European nations to establish overseas colonies- theory rested upon exports>imports= profit, gold/silver, colonies served as sources of raw materials & as a market for British goods

Middle Passage

Middle portion of the Triangular Trade voyage – Forced Transportation of Africans to the New World – Took 1 to 6 months – 9.5 to 12 million Africans arrived in the New World

Subsistence farming

Starting in NE, most farms were family owned; less than 100 acres to sustain the family; work was mostly done by the family

Triangular Trade

17th century; variations of a three part trade route that included North America, Europe and Africa mostly trading slaves, rum, sugar

Salutary Neglect

– British policy – Avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws – meant to keep American colonies obedient but also flourishing – colonies could also self-govern & smuggle

Bacon’s Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon – Against Jamestown – Wanted Gov. Berkeley to be more forceful in his treatment toward Indians – Eastern (settlements) v. Western (frontier) thought, taxation w/out rep., social classes; this would lead to the decline of indentured servitude in CB

Glorious Revolution in England

Bloodless Revolution in NE & NY kicking out Sir Edmund Andros– Gave colonists thoughts of revolting from the crown but the new King introduced salutary neglect

Great Migration

Migration from England (1630-1642) - Puritans realizing they could not change the Church

King Philip’s War

defeat of Chief Metacom & Wampanoag Indians – enabled westward march of English settlement New England

Pequot War

– New Englanders and Indian allies against v. Pequot Tribe (1637-1638) – Pequots eliminated

Salem Witchcraft Trials

(1692) Salem, Mass. Convicted of felony witchcraft 19 hanged, 1 pressed to death – Showed intolerance and paranoia of Puritans

1 st Great Awakening

Religious revival (1740s-1750s) – \*Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. \*George Whitfield: eternal damnation unless openly profess faith in Jesus \*Effects: \*Old Lights vs. New Lights \*Creation of new Christian sects- Baptists, Methodists \*Separation of church and state to acquire followers \*Politically- Colonists could make choices about their own govt….

Congregationalists

– Puritan faith- Reform of the Puritan Church – some questioned Predestination; some embraced Arminianism- individual free will determines a person’s salvation, not divine decree; effect of Enlightenment

John Zenger- printer acquitted of charges

first case of freedom speech & press before the Constitution was born

Phillis Wheatley

one of the first talented American poets, Wheatley was enslaved and wrote about her triumph of being freed

Poor Richard’s Almanack

book published witty sayings & advice by Ben Franklin; best- selling literary work from 1732 to1757

Enlightenment

use of human reason to solve problems; John Locke- Two Treatises of Government, sovereignty resides with the people, not the state rationalism, Deism; natural laws- life, liberty & property inspired American Revolution & U.S. Constitution

Stono Uprising

Slave rebellion in South Carolina; Violently put down; tighter controls

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) – Part of Seven Years’ War – Ohio River Valley Brit. & Colonists v. French. & Indians – British acquire Canada – Fr. presence in N. A. almost completely gone –British debt

Mayflower Compact

Temporary govt. of Plymouth Colony – Social contract / not a constitution-1 st form of self-govt. in North America

Dominion of New England

Disbanded local assemblies – Rule from Boston – King felt colonial Assemblies had become too powerful – Sir Edmund Andros became virtual dictator over the govts. Of New England, New York, New Jersey- ended with the Glorious Revolution

Fundamental Orders of New England

– 1st written constitution in American historyrepresentative legislature by popular vote who then chose the governor

Halfway Covenant

Partial membership in Puritan Church – To bring people back to activity in the Puritan Church

Maryland Toleration Act

no Christians could be persecuted; excluded Jews & atheists

Navigation Acts

Colonial products go only to England; can only be shipped on English ships; to prevent colonial trading & smuggling

Albany Plan of Union

1754 – Plan to unite the colonies – Idea of Ben Franklin – Single Executive (Selected by King) and Grand Council (Selected by Colonial Legislature) – “Join or Die” Flag – Plan was rejected

British Proclamation of 1763

Colonists could not establish or maintain settlements west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains – Indian Territory – Conclusion of French and Indian War

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Native-Americans attacked white settlements and British forts in Ohio River Valley; Paxton Boys threatened to escalate conflict

Stamp Act and Stamp Act Congress

1765 – Stamp/tax on all legal documents, newspapers, playing cards – To pay for British military presence in N. Am. – Stamp Act Congress– Declaration of Rights and Grievances, 9/13 colonies Attended; virtual vs actual representation

Quartering Act

1765 and 1774 – Part of the Coercive Acts – Required troops be housed in occupied colonial dwellings

Sugar Act

1764 – Passed by British Parliament – To raise revenue – To pay for French and Indian War; vice admiralty courts

Declaratory Act

1766 – Act of Parliament – Claimed Parliament had the “full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force to bind the colonies and people of America”- led to Townshend acts

Townshend Acts

1767 – Tax on lead, paper, glass, tea – Created Admiralty Courts – Raise money for Fr. and Indian War – “No Taxation /out Representation”; writs of assistance; Letter from A Pennsylvania Farmer

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

1774 – Response to unrest in colonies – Boston Port Act (Closed Port of Boston to all shipping); Quartering Act; Administration of Justice Act= trials of rebels held in GB; Mass. Government act= no colonial assemblies

Quebec Act

\- passed along w/ Coercive Acts, it would extend borders of Quebec down into the Ohio River Valley angering land hungry Protestant colonists

Committees of Correspondence

Revolutionary period - Coordinate written communication – rallied opposition – establish plans for collective action

First Continental Congress

(1774) – Met briefly – 12 Colonies – Response to Intolerable Acts – Agreed to 2nd Continental Congress; Suffolk Resolves; Declaration of Rights & Resolves; boycotts

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770 – Helped spark Am. Rev. – 5 killed by British soldiers – Raised resentment against British rule

Boston Tea Party

– Protest by Sons of Liberty against Townshend Act (tax on paper, glass, tea, established Admiralty Courts) – Led to Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts-Quebec Act, Boston Port Act, Quartering Act)

Valley Forge

Where Continental Army wintered (1777-1778) – Great deal of suffering – Baron von Steuben arrives to train the Army

Second Continental Congress

(1775-1781) – after Lexington & Bunker Hill; appointed Washington as Comm-in-chief of Cont. army; later sent Olive Branch; Adopted Dec. of Independence & Articles of Confederation – Acted as National Government of United States (raised armies, appointed diplomats, made treaties)

Sons & Daughters of Liberty –

Patriots or Rebels – Boston Tea Party – Paul Revere, Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams; tarring feathering, enforced boycotts

Republican Motherhood

women teach patriotic & democratic values to their children; Abigail Adams- political demands

Declaration of Independence

2 nd Continental Congress – Authored by Thomas Jefferson – Adopted July 4, 1776 – Declared 13 Colonies independent of Great Britain – Spoke of reasons for independence and grievances with King George III

Constitutional Convention of 1787

U.S. Constitution created – Great CompromiseBicameralism; Virginia (Large state) Plan (3 branches, 2 Houses, Representation based on pop.)vs. New Jersey (Small state) Plan (Equal representation) – James Madison – Strong national govt. to also protect rights of states and citizens; 3/5 Compromise; Electoral College; Commerce Clause

Federalist Papers

85 articles arguing for ratification of the Constitution – Hamilton, Madison, Jay- aimed at New York & Virginia

Whiskey Rebellion

– (1791-1794) – Tax on distilled drink – Alexander Hamilton’s idea to raise taxes – Soldiers under Washington stop Rebellion - 1 st time Fed. Govt. under Constitution uses force on nation’s citizens

Quasi War

Undeclared Naval War with France – (1798-1800) – New govt. of Fr. threatened by friendship of U.S. and G.B. – Fr. began seizing U.S. ships – 1800 Peace Treaty with France; convention of 1800

XYZ Affair

(1797) – U.S. delegation to Fr. expected to pay bribe to meet with govt. leaders of Fr. – Led to (Quasi War of 1798, bad relationship between U.S. & Fr.)

Thomas Paine

Common Sense (1776) – From G.B. – Advanced the cause for independence of the American colonies, effects of Enlightenment

John Adams

1 st VP (under Washington) – 2 nd President (1797-1801) – Federalist – Defended British soldiers of Boston Massacre – Continental Congress – Quasi War – XYZ Affair – Alien and Sedition Act – Midnight Judges

Alexander Hamilton

strong central govt., pro-British, loose constructionism, pro- bank pro-commerce, pro-tariff, 6 Point Plan; Secretary of Treasury in GW’s cabinet

Citizen Edmond Genet

(1793) – Sent to U.S. from Fr. to gain support for France’s war against Britain and Spain – Wanted to recruit and arm American privateers to join Fr. against G.B. and fight the British and Spanish in Florida – GW 

George III (King) –

– British King during American Revolution

First Bank of the United States

Chartered by Congress 1791 – Created to handle financial needs of the new U.S. govt. Proposed by Alexander Hamilton – Opposed by South (states rights, suspicious of the North)-elastic clause

George Washington

Led Continental Army– 1 st President (1789-1797) – Father of the Union – Unanimously elected by the Electoral College – Whiskey Rebellion – Jay Treaty – Farewell Address

Hamilton's 6 Point Plan

B.U.S. & the elastic clause, pay foreign debt, Assumption Bill-domestic debt at face value & Wash. D.C.; excise tax on whiskey (Whisky Rebellion); protective tariff did not pass

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

1793 – U.S. to stay neutral in conflicts between G.B. and Fr.- Genet Affair endangered this policy

Washington’s Farewell Address

– ends 2nd term (1796)- established 2 term precedent – 1. Avoid parties (caused factions) – 2. Stay out of entangling alliances– 3. Avoid sectionalism - 4. Stay neutral!!

Shays’ Rebellion

(1786) – Rebellion in Mass.; Daniel Shays; Veterans not paid – Some lost their land/farms – Led to Constitutional Convention (Articles of Confederation too weak)

Bill of Rights

Anti-federalists insisted this be added to the Constitution; First 10 Amendments of the Constitution – Limits power of the Federal Government – Protects rights of the citizens (Basic freedoms/Inalienable Rights)

Articles of Confederation

Adopted 1777; by 2nd Continental Congress; 1 st governing document of U.S.; Lacked taxation or trading authority; One State/One Vote; weak national government

Land Ordinance of 1785

– Sale of Land in Northwest Territory – Set standard for land sale by fed. Govt. – 6 sq. mile townships (36 sections) – To pay off national debt

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

–territory to a state– Governor appointed by Congress – When 5,000 males of voting age (Territorial Legislature elected) – Send nonvoting delegate to Congress – When population reaches 60,000 (State Legislation submits State Constitution to Congress for approval

Judiciary Act of 1789

– Established U.S. federal Judiciary – 6 Supreme Court Judges – 13 Judicial Districts – Circuit and District Courts

Chisholm v. Georgia –

(1793) – Granted Federal Court the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states

Jay Treaty

1794 – Bw U.S. & G.B. –– compensation for seizure of ship's cargo & leaving N.W forts was addressed; impressment & arming N-As was not- 1st use of executive privilege