AP psych final

Wilhelm Wundt

who created the first psych lab?

focus of functionalism

conscious thoughts and emotions; how mental activities allow an organism to fit into its environment

focus of humanistic psychology

healthy growth; individual's behavior in connected to inner feelings and their self-image

blood chemistry; environmental factors influence behavior

what influences behavior according to the biological perspective?

focus of cognitive perspective

what goes on inside our head and how it influences our behavior

focus of behavioral perspective

explaining behavior through conditioning

focus of biological perspective

brain; explaining behavior due to biological needs

hypothesis

a tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more events or variables, often leads to a prediction; testable

case study

a research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject or case

naturalistic observation

watching behaviors/actions in a real world setting without interference

survey

attitudes of a large sample; non-experimental research method where experimenter asks participants different questions

correlation coefficient

value between -1 and 1 that expresses correlation of relationship between two variables; strength of the correlation

experiment

cause and effect; any process done to collect data or study correlation

experimental group

group that the independent variable is applied to

control group

group that the independent variable is NOT applied to; used as a point of reference against experimental group

standard deviation

a measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the sources and their mean

dendrites

receive incoming messages from other neuron's terminal buttons through synapse

axon

wire like structure ending in the terminal button that extends from the cell body

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal and buds (DCBA)

path of the signal down a neuron

action potential

a brief electrical charge; dendrites receive neurotransmitters and push neurons to fire

neurotransmitters

a chemical messenger that sends signals between neurons

hormones

chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands

bloodstream

where are hormones secreted?

EEG

measures brain wave patterns (Hans Berger)

occipital lobe

processes information from the eyes (vision)

temporal lobe

concerned with perception and auditory stimuli (hearing)

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch/senses and body position

the corpus callosum

what part of the brain is cut for split brain patients

consciousness

awareness of ourselves and our enviroment

circadian rhythm

our 24-hour internal clock of our day and night cycle, sleep cycle is 90 minutes

during stage 2 NREM sleep

when do you see sleep spindles

delta waves

deep sleep

REM sleep

rapid eye movement

no muscle movement

when is REM sleep called paradoxial sleep

melatonin

hormone produced by pineal gland

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

influences circadian rhythm

memory

learning that has persisted over time

encoding

get information into our brain

permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

length of long term memories

magic 7

7 pieces of information (capacity of STM) i.e., seven seas, seven deadly sins

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

what brain structure is related to implicit memory

Cerebellum

hippocampus

what brain structure is related to explicit memory

medulla

breathing

cerebellum

part of the brain used for walking and coordination

frontal lobe

Phineas Gage- damage to what area of the brain

sigmund freud

who emphasizes the role of the unconscious

sensation

receive and represent stimulus energies

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another that can be interpreted

absolute threshold

the amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected

difference threshold

the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

sensory adaptation

how an observer becomes less sensitive to a stimulus over time

accommodation

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

cornea, iris, pupils, lens, retina

correct order of structures as light passes through the eye

Gestalt

the different ways individuals group stimuli together

learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors due to experience

conditioning

the process of learning associations

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events; NS before CS

Ivan Pavlov

who is most closely related to classical conditioning

conditioned response

a response that is learned

unconditioned response

unlearned, reflexive response

meat powder

Pavlov's unconditioned stimulus

the tone of the bell

Pavlov's conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recover

the comeback of a conditioned response after extinction when the unconditioned stimulus is presented again

generalization

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli

\-ex: little albert generalized a fear of all things white and fury, not just white rats

discrimination

the ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

NS--> no reaction; UCS-->UCR

NS+UCS-->UCR; CS-->CR

pairing for the classical conditioning

operant conditioning

behavior is shaped by its consequences

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

BF Skinner

who is most closely related to operant conditioning

shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations

reinforce

will increase or strengthen the probability of a certain response

negative reinforcement

the removal, prevention, or postponement of an aversive stimulus which, in turn, increases the probability of the response

fixed ratio schedule

a schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses

variable ratio schedule

a type of intermittent reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after a variable number of responses

fixed interval schedule

schedule of reinforcement where response is rewarded after a specific amount of time

variable interval schedule

schedule of reinforcement where response time varies and differs each time

prototype

mental image or best example of cognitive representation of something within a certain category

components of creativity

1. Expertise
2. Imaginative thinking skills
3. A venturesome personality
4. Intrinsic motivation
5. A creative environment

algorithm

a logic rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

heuristics

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgment and solve problems efficiently

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

fixation

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual age, in which conflicts were unsolved

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

availability heuristics

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of other vividness), we presume such events are common

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

phoneme

the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language (not the same as letters)

40

number of phonemes in English language

semantics

meaning of sounds

syntax

order of words in a sentence

receptive language

children's

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child peaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs

introspection

observation of one's own mental and emotional processes

Sigmund Freud

who emphasized the role of the unconscious

psychodynamic

what perspective emphasizes unconscious conflict