cognition and intelligence

Thinking (Cognition)

Mental activity going on in the brain when organizing or attempting to understand information and while communicating to others

Mental Images

Mental representations that stand for objects or events (we use these every day)

KOSSLYNS FICTIONAL ISLAND

brain will create images of stuff, it DOESNT know. as well as the stuff it DOES know

Concepts

Ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activies.

Super ordinate concept

Most General (Animal, Fruit)

Basis Level Type

Concept around which other similar concepts are organized (Dog, Apple)

Formal Concepts

Concepts designed by specific rules or features (a square MUST have 4 equal sides)

Natural Concepts

we form these as a result of our real world experiences

Rigidity

Mind is inflexible

Metacognition (Thinking about thinking)

self correction, evaluating how to do a task

Problem solving and Decision making

Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

Trial and error

use one solution after another until successful

Algorithms

Specific step by step procedures for solving certain problems

Heuristic

Educated guess based on prior experiences (AKA rule of thumb)

Sub goaling

Breaking task into smaller goals

Means End Analysis

Heuristic in which the difference between starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce the distance. (Ex: AP test prep)

Insight

Answers pop into head

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

machines created to think like humans

Representative Heuristics

mental shortcut helps us make decisions by comparing out mental prototype. Succumb to stereotypes

Functional fixedness

Thinking about objects only in terms of their typical functions

Mental Set

Tendency to use only problem solving patterns that have worked in the past

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to search only for evidence that fits our belief, and ignoring other beliefs

Creativity

Proceds of solving problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways

Convergent Thinking

Type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer

Divergent Thinking

Type of thinking where a person starts starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point

Intelligence

Ability to learn from experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems

(Theories of intelligence) Spearmans G-Factor

Ability to reason and solve problems= G factor (GENERAL INTELLIGENCE)

Ability to excel in certain areas= S factor (SPECIFIC INTELLIGENCE)

Garders multiple intelligences

Existential, interpersonal, instrapersonal, bodily/kinesthetic, musical/rhyhmic, Verbal/Linguistic, yeah im done

Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

3 Kinds of intelligence (Analytical, Creative, Practical)

Analytical

Ability to Break down a problem into parts to solve it

Creative

Ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ideas of solving problems

Practical

Ability to use information to get along in life and become successfull

Binets Mental Ability Test

First to come up with formal intelligence test (KEY ELEMENT WAS MENTAL AGE)

Stanford Binet IQ

IQ: MA (mental age)/ CA (chronological age) X 100

(Today is not seen as appropriate for adults)

Weschlers Tests

Specifically designed for adults,

(Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed)

Reliability

tendency of a test to produce same scores again and again, each time it is given to the same people

Validity

Degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to do

Standardized tests

process of giving a test to a large group of people that represent the kind of people for whom the test is designed

Norms

Scores from standardized group

IQ Tests and Cultural Bias

(basically) Depending on where you are, the differences in the answers you get

Developmentally delayed

IQ of 70 or below,

Limited Adaptative Behavior

3% of Population

MID 55-70

6th grade/ Independent Living (90%)

MODERATE 40-55

2nd Grade/ Supervised (6%)

SEVERE 25-40

Can talk, Basic Self care, Supervised (3%)

PROFOUND <25

Limited Talk and self care (1%)

Causes of low IQ

Down syndrome, Fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, living conditions, prenatal care

Giftedness

IQ of 130 and above,

2% of the population(0.5% above 144)

Emotional Intelligence

Awareness of and ability to manage ones own emotions, Ability to be self-motivated, Feel what others feel (empathy) and to be socially skilled

ex: people with a higher … score better on SAT scores

Language

System of combining Symbols so that meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating

Grammer

System of rules governing the structure and use of language

Syntax

Rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences

Semantics

Rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences

Phonemes

Basic units of sound in a language

(NEW) Flynn Effect

Increase in IQ with every generation.

Comes from more years in school

(NEW) Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language (The words people use determine much of the way they think of the world around them)

-WORFIAN HYPOTHESIS

(NEW) Cognitive Universalism

Theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language

(NEW) Framing

The way information is presented can affect the decision made by taking advantage of typical cognitive bias

-90% success rate (positive) vs 10% failure rate (negative)

(NEW) Priming

Exposure to one stimulus unconsciously influences how a person will respond

-seeing images of money can make people more competitive

(NEW) Gamblers Fallacy

I have failed 4 tests, Im due to pass one.

(NEW) Sunk cost Fallacy

Invest in something even though its no longer beneficial