Studied by 50 people
World War 1 Causes
MAIN
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Ultimatum from Austria
MAIN Causes
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
Militarism
Militaries are expanding→ creates greater tension between countries
Alliances
Chain alliances: interlocks all the countries; can cause a chain reaction
Imperialism
Nations want to expand and take over other nations→ easy war cause
Nationalism
Every nation thinks they are the strongest→ want to prove it
Wilson’s View
U.S should be neutral; they should try to mediate
American View
Public favors allies, but neutrality is paramount
-Share culture with places like Britain; democracy
-Germany vilified by media
Most ppl are clueless; the war is over 3k miles a way so they don’t give a shit
American Finance
U.S runs up business profit from war
-European countries get war materials
J.P Morgan invests 2.3 million
-They traded w all at first, then British blockade blocked them from trading with Germany
America Joins Causes: General
British naval blockade; disrupts U.S. trade w/ Germany
-Germany responds with UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE
-Americans killed by German torpedos
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Agreement: Germany had to announce when they were going to take down a ship
-When U.S stopped giving materials, Germany restarted it
America Joins Causes: Specific
1915
British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat
Germany temporarily calls off USF until 1917; U.S. on the path to war
Lusitania
Liner(Cruise Ship)
Sunk by German U boat
-1,000+ deaths, 128 were Americans → U.S. outraged!
Germany POV
Thought that bc U.S didn’t give them weapons, they sided with the allies
The Lusitania was carrying war supplies → fair target?
-Shot before they got shot
Zimmermann Telegram
Message from Germany to Mexico
Lays out plan for Mexico if the U.S and Germany go to war
-Germany restarts unrestricted submarine warfare
-Persuade Japan into switching sides
-Get Mexico to support U.S invasion
Main Cause of U.S Joining
The resuming of unrestricted submarine warfare
Life During the War
U.S. Propaganda
Controlled Economy
Anti- German propaganda
Controlled Economy
Organize the economy by strengthening gov. Influence over business
-War Industries Board
War Industries Board
controls prices and industry
U.S Propaganda
4 focuses → bonds, enlistment, conservation, and morale
-Committee on Public Information
Committee on Public Information
Made posters, music, advertisements, etc.
-4 minute men: Spoke about the war during intermissions of movies
Bonds
Invest in the fight and get back money+ interest after war
-Everyone volunteers→ peer pressure
--If you didn’t give, you are seen as not nationalistic
Enlistment
Get people to volunteer to enter the war
-Volunteers fight with more passion
Conservation
Total War
Everyone wants to conserve
-Ration to save money→ more money into the war
-Food Administration & Fuel Administration
Food Administration
Doesn’t force
-Encourages ppl to ration food
-Herbert Hoover→ leader of the effort; leads for free
--Leads for no salary→ hopes that it will give him moral authority
--Rations himself; leads by example
Fuel Administration
Says coal use is only for the military
Morale
Keep the public happy during the war
Anti-German Sentiments
Not official; not by government
-Only local
-Don’t play German music, teach German language, etc.
-Sauerkraut renamed ‘liberty cabbage’
-GERMAN AMERICANS OPPRESSED
--Beatings, intimidation, 1 lynching
Labor During the War
American Federation of Labor vs International Workers of the World
WWI→ production is more important than ever: Is this good or bad for unions?
-National War Labor Board
American Federation of Labor
More conservative in nature, pledges loyalty and commitment to Wilson
International Workers of the World
Presses for major reform
-Harassed by government
National War Labor Board
Unions gained temporary concessions
Selective Service Act
1917
“Work or Fight”
Not enough people volunteered→ only 70k
“Go to work, go to war, or go to jail”
Women wanted to work to obtain independence
Espionage Act/Sedition Act
censored criticism of the gov.
Schenck v. United States
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court Case
-free speech except when “clear and present danger” to nation
clear and present danger
Can’t yell “fire” in a movie theater→ it could cause harm
Start of WWI
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
-Limited but 1st genuinely national military
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
Draft effective
Women → non-combat roles
African Americans → support roles
-Not usually good jobs→ cleaning toilets, etc.
Wilsonian Peace
highly idealistic
14 Points → “No more wars”
“Peace without victory”
14 Points
No more secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Reduction of nations armies
A “general association of nations” to help solve world disputes and promote peace
14 Points Effect
Sizable effect
Association of nations idea→ creates League of Nations
Peace without Victory
Wilson wants peace; the other powers want revenge
Wilson: let them keep their land
Others: Hell nah take the land and hella money
League of Nations
International peace organization
Linked the world together → collective security
-Ppl are too scared to attack each other again and start another war
AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM HASN’T VANISHED
American Isolationism
Hasn’t gone away
Public and politicians are wary of joining “entangling alliances”
Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah
League Killers
-“Reservationists” & “irreconcilables”
-Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah
-Election of 1920 → treaty referendum
Reservationists
People that want League of Nations but want to make adjustments to the terms
-Henry Cabot Lodge
Irreconcilables
Don’t want a League of Nations
Wilson’s LON view
Thinks that unifying is the only way to keep peace
Election of 1920
Treaty referendum
Harding vs Cox
Harding: 20 years of isolationism
Cox: “Return to normalcy”
Election of 1920 Impacts
U.S becomes isolationist
Harding dies early→ Calvin Coolidge is president
New South Vision
Democracy over oligarchy
Small time farms over plantations
Racial harmony over hierarchy-NOT EQUALITY
Modeled after Northern Industrialization
Laissez faire
Southern Problems
Industry wealth not shared
Still Stuck with Cotton
Racism Renewed
Industry wealth not shared
Northern investors, rich Southerners dominate
Textile industries, etc.
Carpetbaggers and Redeemers
Still Stuck With Cotton
The price drops greatly
Lack of education/ industrial growth
Education
Poor white people and African Americans weren’t getting an education
-Southern gov doesn’t give a shit
-No education→ no technical skill needed for industrial development
Southern Racism
Sharecropping
Convict Leasing
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
Plessy vs. Ferguson
1896
He intentionally violates Lousiana’s Separate Car Act of 1890
rides on white RR car→ gets arrested
Decision is upheld 7-1 in Supreme Court
LEGAL DISCRIMINATION
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who come to invest in the South; are seen as vultures coming to steal Southern money
Redeemers
The people that take over post reconstruction Southern gov --Very Racist; want to re-instill white supremacy
Southern Reconstruction outcome
Largely a fail; old habits come back
Sharecropping
Land owner allows tenant to work the land for a portion of the profit. Usually for poor people
-Most poor people were black→ Racism
Convict leasing
You can lease out criminals to do manual labor
-The laws became more and more racist→ more Black people went to jail
-You can rent out black people to do labor the shit is basically slavery
Black suppression
Everyone was hella racist
There were public gatherings for the lynching/hanging of a black person
Louisiana: Went from 130,334 registered black voters in 1896 to 1,342 registered black voters in 1904
The Great Migration
Two waves: 1910 to 1940 and 1940 to 1970
The Great Migration: 1st Wave
1910-1940
Most move North
Stopped by Great Depression and WWII
The Great Migration: 2nd Wave
1940-1970
After WWII
Most move West
Great Migration Reasoning
African Americans→ forced labor in the South; not enough opportunity to make money
Environmental factors: Bugs were fucking the crops, leaving less work
Landings Spots
They were better, but not perfect
Plessy vs Ferguson was NATIONAL, not state level
There was racial discrimination and CLASS discrimination
Most Popular Spots: LA, New York, Detroit, Chicago
Early Civil Rights Leaders
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. du Bois
Booker T. Washington
Wants black people to focus on economic independence→ Black people would then prove themselves as worthy and would then assimilate to white culture
-More conservative/ pragmatic in his goals
W.E.B. du Bois
Focus on civil rights
More agressive/uncompromising in his goals
Argues that in order to get economic independence, they need power and rights
2nd Ku Klux Klan
Visible and urbanized
Short Film “A Birth of a nation”: romanticizes it→ makes ppl want to join
4 million strong by mid 1920s
Uniforms→ similar to the navy
Red Summer
1919
Racist Summer
Backlash against Black ppl for Great Migration
Time period of numerous race riots
Many Black communities completely destroyed (Tulsa, OK; Chicago, IL)
Race Riots
Normal ass white people start the riots
Marched on the Capital
-Women were also involved
-They didn’t cover their faces→ no fear
Culture Shift
Birth of the American Consumer
Sports
Movies/Animation
Radio
Sports
Basketball, Baseball, Boxing
Baseball and Boxing→ serious money involved now
-Babe Ruth: household name
Movies/Animation
People have the money to have fun
Rise of Hollywood
-1927 “The Jazz Singer”- first film w synchronized sound→ can hear the actors
-Steamboat Willy- Intro to Mickey Mouse→ first talking animation
Radio
Center of the household
Means of broadcasting news
-Increases nationalism
Transportation
Automobiles
-Fordism
Planes
-Early deaths/ accidents overcame
Automobiles
Standardization of assembly line→speeds up the process
Fordism→ Ford= strongest maker of cars
-Model T- cheap and effective
Auto Industry booms
Fordism
Paid the workers very well
-Hopes that the worker would then buy a Ford with the extra money
New Model T’s are hella cheap→ 3000 dollars modern day for a new car
Planes
Passenger flights in 1920
-Became popular after WWI
Early deaths/accidents soon overcome
-Charles Lindberg transatlantic flight in 1927 helps public overcome fear
Impact of Cars
Allowed people to work farther from their homes
-Increased employment opportunities
-Suburbs increase
-Freed young people from families, women from men
HELPS oil industry, HURTS railroads
Advertisements
Modern
-Need to advertise new things to get ppl to buy them
-Run on credit→ “Possess today and pay tomorrow”
Flapper Culture: Expectation
Emancipation of women
Modern dresses→ showed more skin
‘Boyish’ bob haircuts
Drank, smoked, and spoke freely about sex
Flapper Culture: Reality
Many lacked access to this lifestyle
-It only occurred in the big big cities (Chicago, NY)
Social pressure to conform
-Old ppl try to make the new generation conform to old views
“Women’s Work”- Expected to give back jobs→ don’t want to
Modern Women
19th Amendment→ women can vote
-Major win for women in politics→ have tangible political power
Birth-control movement
-Margaret Sanger leads the charge
--Founded Planned Parenthood
Birth-control movement
Becomes one of a few key ways women begin to liberate themselves
-Allowed women to be more independent: weren’t limited to having kids
-Divorce becomes viable→ happens much more often
Black Community Changes
Harlem Renaissance
-One of the largest Black communities in the world
Revival of Black art, literature, and music
-Creation of Jazz music
The “New Negro” Movement
New Negro Movement
Black pride and advocacy
WEB DuBois's ideology beats Booker T. Washingtons’s
-Focuses on positive aspect of black people
New Activism
Marcus Garvey
-Black Pride
-Back to Africa movement
-Economic self sufficiency
The United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
Civil rights with unyielding self-respect
Marcus Garvey
Leader of Back to Africa movement
-Thinks that segregation isn’t bad
-Argues with U.S gov often abt it
Promotes Economic self sufficiency
Has a meeting with KKK members abt segregation
Impact: Black ppl had more self respect because of him
Back to Africa Movement
Black people are too good→ should move back
Led by Marcus Garvey
-He buys the ships and asks ppl to go back to Africa
U.S gov highly disapproves of it
-Could leave bad image of the U.S
Isolationism Again
the U.S doesn’t trust other countries→ turned inward
Anti-foreignism
1931 → more foreigners left then arrived
First Red Scare
Anti-foreignism
U.S doesn’t want immigrants→ scared of communism
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Immigration Act of 1924
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
3% rule
Only 3% of the total population of a certain race would be the amount of people from that race that would be able to immigrate
Immigration Act of 1924
Continues the trend of anti Asian
-Basically bans Asian immigration
First Red Scare
Russian Revolution just happened→ ppl are scared of communism
-Palmer Raid
-American Plan
Palmer Raid
Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
-Raids union workers that are suspected of communism
--Holds them without charging a crime
American Plan
Deems Unions anti-American
-If you’re in a labor union, you’re against the U.S
Note 
Flashcard (57)