APUSH Unit 7

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World War 1 Causes

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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Ultimatum from Austria

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MAIN Causes

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Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

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World War 1 Causes

MAIN

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Ultimatum from Austria

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MAIN Causes

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

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Militarism

Militaries are expanding→ creates greater tension between countries

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Alliances

Chain alliances: interlocks all the countries; can cause a chain reaction

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Imperialism

Nations want to expand and take over other nations→ easy war cause

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Nationalism

Every nation thinks they are the strongest→ want to prove it

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Wilson’s View

U.S should be neutral; they should try to mediate

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American View

Public favors allies, but neutrality is paramount

-Share culture with places like Britain; democracy

-Germany vilified by media

Most ppl are clueless; the war is over 3k miles a way so they don’t give a shit

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American Finance

U.S runs up business profit from war

-European countries get war materials

J.P Morgan invests 2.3 million

-They traded w all at first, then British blockade blocked them from trading with Germany

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America Joins Causes: General

British naval blockade; disrupts U.S. trade w/ Germany

-Germany responds with UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE

-Americans killed by German torpedos

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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Agreement: Germany had to announce when they were going to take down a ship

-When U.S stopped giving materials, Germany restarted it

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America Joins Causes: Specific

1915

British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat

Germany temporarily calls off USF until 1917; U.S. on the path to war

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Lusitania

Liner(Cruise Ship)

Sunk by German U boat

-1,000+ deaths, 128 were Americans → U.S. outraged!

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Germany POV

Thought that bc U.S didn’t give them weapons, they sided with the allies

The Lusitania was carrying war supplies → fair target?

-Shot before they got shot

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Zimmermann Telegram

Message from Germany to Mexico

Lays out plan for Mexico if the U.S and Germany go to war

-Germany restarts unrestricted submarine warfare

-Persuade Japan into switching sides

-Get Mexico to support U.S invasion

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Main Cause of U.S Joining

The resuming of unrestricted submarine warfare

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Life During the War

U.S. Propaganda

Controlled Economy

Anti- German propaganda

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Controlled Economy

Organize the economy by strengthening gov. Influence over business

-War Industries Board

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War Industries Board

controls prices and industry

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U.S Propaganda

4 focuses → bonds, enlistment, conservation, and morale

-Committee on Public Information

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Committee on Public Information

Made posters, music, advertisements, etc.

-4 minute men: Spoke about the war during intermissions of movies

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Bonds

Invest in the fight and get back money+ interest after war

-Everyone volunteers→ peer pressure

--If you didn’t give, you are seen as not nationalistic

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Enlistment

Get people to volunteer to enter the war

-Volunteers fight with more passion

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Conservation

Total War

Everyone wants to conserve

-Ration to save money→ more money into the war

-Food Administration & Fuel Administration

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Food Administration

Doesn’t force

-Encourages ppl to ration food

-Herbert Hoover→ leader of the effort; leads for free

--Leads for no salary→ hopes that it will give him moral authority

--Rations himself; leads by example

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Fuel Administration

Says coal use is only for the military

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Morale

Keep the public happy during the war

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Anti-German Sentiments

Not official; not by government

-Only local

-Don’t play German music, teach German language, etc.

-Sauerkraut renamed ‘liberty cabbage’

-GERMAN AMERICANS OPPRESSED

--Beatings, intimidation, 1 lynching

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Labor During the War

American Federation of Labor vs International Workers of the World

WWI→ production is more important than ever: Is this good or bad for unions?

-National War Labor Board

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American Federation of Labor

More conservative in nature, pledges loyalty and commitment to Wilson

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International Workers of the World

Presses for major reform

-Harassed by government

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National War Labor Board

Unions gained temporary concessions

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Selective Service Act

1917

“Work or Fight”

Not enough people volunteered→ only 70k

“Go to work, go to war, or go to jail”

Women wanted to work to obtain independence

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Espionage Act/Sedition Act

censored criticism of the gov.

Schenck v. United States

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Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court Case

-free speech except when “clear and present danger” to nation

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clear and present danger

Can’t yell “fire” in a movie theater→ it could cause harm

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Start of WWI

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

-Limited but 1st genuinely national military

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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Draft effective

Women → non-combat roles

African Americans → support roles

-Not usually good jobs→ cleaning toilets, etc.

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Wilsonian Peace

highly idealistic

14 Points → “No more wars”

“Peace without victory”

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14 Points

  • No more secret treaties
  • Freedom of the seas 
  • Reduction of nations armies 
  • A “general association of nations” to help solve world disputes and promote peace
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14 Points Effect

Sizable effect

Association of nations idea→ creates League of Nations

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Peace without Victory

Wilson wants peace; the other powers want revenge

Wilson: let them keep their land

Others: Hell nah take the land and hella money

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League of Nations

International peace organization

Linked the world together → collective security

-Ppl are too scared to attack each other again and start another war

AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM HASN’T VANISHED

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American Isolationism

Hasn’t gone away

Public and politicians are wary of joining “entangling alliances”

  • Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah
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League Killers

-“Reservationists” & “irreconcilables”

-Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge, Hiram Johnson, and William Borah

-Election of 1920 → treaty referendum

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Reservationists

People that want League of Nations but want to make adjustments to the terms

-Henry Cabot Lodge

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Irreconcilables

Don’t want a League of Nations

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Wilson’s LON view

Thinks that unifying is the only way to keep peace

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Election of 1920

Treaty referendum

Harding vs Cox

Harding: 20 years of isolationism

Cox: “Return to normalcy”

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Election of 1920 Impacts

U.S becomes isolationist

Harding dies early→ Calvin Coolidge is president

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New South Vision

  • Democracy over oligarchy
  • Small time farms over plantations
  • Racial harmony over hierarchy-NOT EQUALITY
  • Modeled after Northern Industrialization
    • Laissez faire
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Southern Problems

  1. Industry wealth not shared

  2. Still Stuck with Cotton

  3. Racism Renewed

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Industry wealth not shared

  • Northern investors, rich Southerners dominate
    • Textile industries, etc.
  • Carpetbaggers and Redeemers
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Still Stuck With Cotton

The price drops greatly

Lack of education/ industrial growth

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Education

Poor white people and African Americans weren’t getting an education

-Southern gov doesn’t give a shit

-No education→ no technical skill needed for industrial development

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Southern Racism

  • Sharecropping
  • Convict Leasing
  • Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
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Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896

He intentionally violates Lousiana’s Separate Car Act of 1890

rides on white RR car→ gets arrested

Decision is upheld 7-1 in Supreme Court

LEGAL DISCRIMINATION

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Carpetbaggers

Northerners who come to invest in the South; are seen as vultures coming to steal Southern money

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Redeemers

The people that take over post reconstruction Southern gov --Very Racist; want to re-instill white supremacy

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Southern Reconstruction outcome

Largely a fail; old habits come back

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Sharecropping

Land owner allows tenant to work the land for a portion of the profit. Usually for poor people

-Most poor people were black→ Racism

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Convict leasing

You can lease out criminals to do manual labor

-The laws became more and more racist→ more Black people went to jail

-You can rent out black people to do labor the shit is basically slavery

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Black suppression

Everyone was hella racist

There were public gatherings for the lynching/hanging of a black person

Louisiana: Went from 130,334 registered black voters in 1896 to 1,342 registered black voters in 1904

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The Great Migration

Two waves: 1910 to 1940 and 1940 to 1970

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The Great Migration: 1st Wave

1910-1940

Most move North

Stopped by Great Depression and WWII

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The Great Migration: 2nd Wave

1940-1970

After WWII

Most move West

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Great Migration Reasoning

African Americans→ forced labor in the South; not enough opportunity to make money

Environmental factors: Bugs were fucking the crops, leaving less work

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Landings Spots

They were better, but not perfect

Plessy vs Ferguson was NATIONAL, not state level

There was racial discrimination and CLASS discrimination

Most Popular Spots: LA, New York, Detroit, Chicago

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Early Civil Rights Leaders

  • Booker T. Washington
  • W.E.B. du Bois
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Booker T. Washington

Wants black people to focus on economic independence→ Black people would then prove themselves as worthy and would then assimilate to white culture

-More conservative/ pragmatic in his goals

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W.E.B. du Bois

Focus on civil rights

More agressive/uncompromising in his goals

Argues that in order to get economic independence, they need power and rights

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2nd Ku Klux Klan

  • Visible and urbanized
    • Short Film “A Birth of a nation”: romanticizes it→ makes ppl want to join
  • 4 million strong by mid 1920s
  • Uniforms→ similar to the navy
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Red Summer

1919

Racist Summer

Backlash against Black ppl for Great Migration

Time period of numerous race riots

Many Black communities completely destroyed (Tulsa, OK; Chicago, IL)

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Race Riots

Normal ass white people start the riots

Marched on the Capital

-Women were also involved

-They didn’t cover their faces→ no fear

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Culture Shift

Birth of the American Consumer

Sports

Movies/Animation

Radio

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Sports

Basketball, Baseball, Boxing

Baseball and Boxing→ serious money involved now

-Babe Ruth: household name

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Movies/Animation

People have the money to have fun

Rise of Hollywood

-1927 “The Jazz Singer”- first film w synchronized sound→ can hear the actors

-Steamboat Willy- Intro to Mickey Mouse→ first talking animation

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Radio

Center of the household

Means of broadcasting news

-Increases nationalism

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Transportation

Automobiles

-Fordism

Planes

-Early deaths/ accidents overcame

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Automobiles

Standardization of assembly line→speeds up the process

Fordism→ Ford= strongest maker of cars

-Model T- cheap and effective

Auto Industry booms

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Fordism

Paid the workers very well

-Hopes that the worker would then buy a Ford with the extra money

New Model T’s are hella cheap→ 3000 dollars modern day for a new car

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Planes

Passenger flights in 1920

-Became popular after WWI

Early deaths/accidents soon overcome

-Charles Lindberg transatlantic flight in 1927 helps public overcome fear

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Impact of Cars

Allowed people to work farther from their homes

-Increased employment opportunities

-Suburbs increase

-Freed young people from families, women from men

HELPS oil industry, HURTS railroads

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Advertisements

Modern

-Need to advertise new things to get ppl to buy them

-Run on credit→ “Possess today and pay tomorrow”

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Flapper Culture: Expectation

Emancipation of women

Modern dresses→ showed more skin

‘Boyish’ bob haircuts

Drank, smoked, and spoke freely about sex

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Flapper Culture: Reality

Many lacked access to this lifestyle

-It only occurred in the big big cities (Chicago, NY)

Social pressure to conform

-Old ppl try to make the new generation conform to old views

“Women’s Work”- Expected to give back jobs→ don’t want to

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Modern Women

19th Amendment→ women can vote

-Major win for women in politics→ have tangible political power

Birth-control movement

-Margaret Sanger leads the charge

--Founded Planned Parenthood

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Birth-control movement

Becomes one of a few key ways women begin to liberate themselves

-Allowed women to be more independent: weren’t limited to having kids

-Divorce becomes viable→ happens much more often

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Black Community Changes

Harlem Renaissance

-One of the largest Black communities in the world

Revival of Black art, literature, and music

-Creation of Jazz music

The “New Negro” Movement

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New Negro Movement

Black pride and advocacy

WEB DuBois's ideology beats Booker T. Washingtons’s

-Focuses on positive aspect of black people

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New Activism

Marcus Garvey

-Black Pride

-Back to Africa movement

-Economic self sufficiency

The United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Civil rights with unyielding self-respect

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Marcus Garvey

Leader of Back to Africa movement

-Thinks that segregation isn’t bad

-Argues with U.S gov often abt it

Promotes Economic self sufficiency

Has a meeting with KKK members abt segregation

Impact: Black ppl had more self respect because of him

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Back to Africa Movement

Black people are too good→ should move back

Led by Marcus Garvey

-He buys the ships and asks ppl to go back to Africa

U.S gov highly disapproves of it

-Could leave bad image of the U.S

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Isolationism Again

the U.S doesn’t trust other countries→ turned inward

Anti-foreignism 

1931 → more foreigners left then arrived

First Red Scare

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Anti-foreignism 

U.S doesn’t want immigrants→ scared of communism

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Immigration Act of 1924

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Emergency Quota Act of 1921

3% rule

Only 3% of the total population of a certain race would be the amount of people from that race that would be able to immigrate

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Immigration Act of 1924

Continues the trend of anti Asian

-Basically bans Asian immigration

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First Red Scare

Russian Revolution just happened→ ppl are scared of communism

-Palmer Raid

-American Plan

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Palmer Raid

Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer

-Raids union workers that are suspected of communism

--Holds them without charging a crime

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American Plan

Deems Unions anti-American

-If you’re in a labor union, you’re against the U.S