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fluid-mosaic model
Describes the interactions of the components of the plasma membrane.
lipid bilayer
Phospholipids are arranged with hydrophilic/polar heads adjacent to water. Hydrophobic tails are buried in the interior.
glycolipids and glycoproteins
involved in marking the cell as belonging to a particular individual and tissue
channel proteins
form a channel through the membrane to move molecules.
carrier proteins
Interact with a target molecule, causing a change in shape, which allows movement of the molecule through the membrane
cell recognition proteins
glycoproteins involved in cellular indentification
receptor proteins
detect specific molecules in the environment and invoke cellular response
enxymatic proteins
carry out metabolic reactions within the plasma membrane
Junction proteins
form connections between cells
diffusion
Passive transport of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
Osmosis
diffusion of water
Osmotic pressure
directs water to move across the membrane into the area of higher solute (less water).
isotonic solution
neither gain or lose volume
Hypotonic solution
gain water
hypertonic solution
lose water
when cells are in a hypertonic solution, what may occur
Crenation, plasmolysis
active transport
carrier protein acts as a pump that causes a substance to move against its concentration gradient.
sodium potassium pump
carries Na+ to the outside of the cell, and K+ to the inside of the cell
exocytosis
involves secretion
endocytosis
may include phagocytes, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
extracellular matrix (ECM)
influences shape and behavior in cell (prominent in animal cells)
adhesion and tight junctions
help hold cell together
gap junctions
allow passage of small molecules between cells
chemical messengers
signals delivered for cell to cell communication
kinetic energy
energy of motion
potential energy
stored energy
chemical energy
form of potential energy that is stored within the chemical bonds of molecules
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can not be created nor destroyed but can only be transferred or transformed
2nd law of thermodynamics
one useable form of energy can be converted into another useable form
endergonic reaction
requires an input of energy, occurs only when coupled to an exergonic process.
exergonic reactions
commonly used to drive energetically unfavorable metabolic reactions.
ATP
used for cellular reactions
ADP
is generated
metabolic pathways
series of reactions that proceed in an orderly, step by step manner.
enxymes
speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation.
redox reactions
major way in which energy is transformed
OIL RIG (redox reactions)
oxygen is lost, reduction is gained
Note 
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