Final Review (BIOL117)

Aldosterone can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low sodium levels and so its secretion regulation is said to be _____ .

Both hormonal and humoral

Protein hormones are ____ . 

Water-soluble

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating _____ signaling?

Paracrine

Steroid hormones are lipids derived from _____ .

Cholesterol

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? 

Lipid-soluble hormone

Lipid soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that ______ .

Bind to DNA and initiate transcription

A G protein is ____ . 

A molecule that binds a guanine nucleotide and helps transduce a signal inside a target cell

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates ______ .

Phospholipase C

The part of the brain that functions as a “master control center” of the endocrine system is _______ .

Hypothalamus

 The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary _____ .

Synthesized into the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary when nerves signal arrive

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are ______ .

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the ______ .

Hypothalamus and it increases of thyroid-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is ______ .

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH))

Where are the target cells for follicle stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause ______ .

Acromegaly

Thyroid-secreting hormone (TSH) is secreted by the _____ .

Anterior pituitary and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex? (Corticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Gondaocorticoids)

No exception: all choices are secreted by adrenal cortex

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

Regulate electrolyte concentrations in body fluids

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is secreted by _____ .

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

What fibromuscular structure is about 10 cm long and serves as a birth canal?

Vagina

Cortisol binds to ______ receptors and has the effect of _______ blood glucose levels.

Intracellular; raising

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

That hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is _____ .

Glucagon

The metabolic condition called _____ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

Type 1 diabetes

Calcitonin

Stimulates osteoblast activity

The male homologue to the labia majora is _____ .

Scrotum

Puberty is initiated when an area of the brain starts secreting _____.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is _____ .

Diploid

When the process of meiosis is complete the result is _____ . 

Four daughter cells that are haploid

Which type of ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte?

Mature follicle

Which structure forms the remnants of the follicle following ovulation?

Corpus Luteum

Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in ______ .

Prophase 1

In a female infant, the ovaries contain _____ .

Primary oocytes within primordial follicles

How many secondary oocytes develop from each primary oocyte?

1

What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, starting with Day 1?

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of _____ .

LH

The lateral margin of the uterine tube, which bears the fimbriae, is called the _____.

Infundibulum

Which is NOT a uterine function? 

Usual site of fertilization

The myometrium of the uterus is composed of _____ .

Smooth muscle

Menarche is _____ .

A female’s first menstrual cycle

Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation?

Functional layer of endometrium

The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with ______ .

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

What is the correct order for the phases of the uterine cycle, beginning with Day 1?

Menstrual-proliferative-secretory

Progesterone levels are highest during the ______ phase of the ovarian cycle.

Luteal

Sperm are produced in the _____ .

Seminiferous tubules

The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to _____ .

Regulate the temperature of the testes

The interstitial cells in the testes ______ . 

Secrete testosterone

What is not true about spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man’s life

The acrosome cap contains ______ . 

Enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte

How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?

4

In males, LH stimulates

The interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?

Epididymis

Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra?

Prostate gland

Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose

Seminal vesicle

Which of the following are tubuloalveolar glands that produce a clear, viscous mucin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse?

Bulbourethral glands

In males, the ____ region on the Y chromosome initiates male phenotypic development.

SRY

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

Erythrocytes

Which are characteristics of type O blood?

a. Has anti-A antibodies

b. Has anti-B antibodies

c. Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes

d. Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes

e. Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

The wrong blood type was used

Which leukocytes are granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

The first phase in hemostasis is

Vascular spasm

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

Vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

Artery

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Which are the differences between cardiac muscle tissue and skeletal muscle tissue?

a. The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is less extensive

b. The sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle is more organized

c. Cardiac muscle has intercalated discs; skeletal muscle does not

d. Cardiac muscle has 1 or 2 nuclei per cell; skeletal muscle has multiple nuclei per cell

e. Cardiac muscle has more well-defined terminal cisternae

a, c, d

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

Aortic semilunar valve

To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium

Binds to troponin

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

SA node

In an ECG, what does the t wave represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

During ventricular contraction

The semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

Cardiac output equals the

HR (heart rate) multiplied by SV (stroke volume)

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?

Chronotropic agents

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

a. Increases the heart rate

b. Decreases the heart rate

c. Increases the force of contractions

d. Decreases the force of contractions

e. Has no effect on contraction force

a, c

Valves in veins

Cause nervous blood flow to go in only one direction

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of

Diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

The proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

Net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

In arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction

Peripheral resistance is

Directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have

Low viscosity and therefore have low resistance

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

Hydrostatic pressure

The lymphatic system’s two main functions are to assist in

Immunity and fluid balance

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Thymus gland

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

Innate immunity

Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation

Numbness

Helper T-lymphocytes are also known as

CD4+ cells

Antigen presentation involves the display of an antigen

On the surface of a cell so that a t lymphocyte can be exposed to it

Organize the items listed into the proper sequence of events for gas exchange.

a. O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system

b. O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation

c. Cells use O2 and generate CO2

d. CO2 is exhaled

e. The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs

b, a, c, e, d

Which answer places the following events in proper order for pulmonary ventilation?

a. Thoracic cavity volume changes

b. Brainstem nuclei stimulate skeletal muscles to contract

c. Air flows down its pressure gradient

d. Dimensional changes in the thorax lead to pressure changes within the lung

b, a, d, c

Air flows out of the body during expiration because

Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation.

a. Capsular space of glomerulus

b. Nephron loop

c. Collecting duct

d. Distal convoluted tubule

e. Proximal convoluted tubule

a, e, b, d, c

The renal threshold of a substance refers to

The plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

Liver

Peristalsis

Is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract

Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?

Duodenum - jejunum - ileum