Chapter 9.3 + 14

Washington Irving

(1783-1859) Early AMerican Satirical writer, he was the 1st Amer. writer to gain international acclaim.His works include *Rip Van Winkle* and *The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ;*often used  Amer. history and authentic american settings and characters

Hudson River Schol

 a group of Amer. artists in the mid-1800s whose paintings focused on the Amer. landscape

Thomas Cole

 (1801-1848) Amer. Painter, he was the founder of the Hudson RIver school

George Caleb Bingham

(1811-1879) Amer. painter who specialized in painting scenes of everyday life in the West

Middle class

 the soc.+econ., level between the wealthy and the poor

Transcendentalism

the idea that people could rise above the material things in life;a popular movement among New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(1803-1882) Amer. essayist and poet, he was a supporter of the transcendentalist philosophy of self-reliance

Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) Amer. writer and transcendentalist philosopher, he studied nature and published a magazine article, “Civil Disobedience” as well as his famous book Walden Pond

Romanticism

18th century art+literature movement emphasizing individual expression, nature, and a rejection for traditional rules

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804-1864) Amer. writer, he is famous for his many stories and books, including *The Scarlet Letter,*and he was recognized as one of the 1st authors to write in an uniquely Amer. style

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

(1807-1882) Amer. poet in the mid19th century, he is best known for his story-poems, such as became a leading African America.spokesman and writer. He published his biography, *The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,*and founded the abolitionist newspaper the *North Star*

Harriet Tubman

(1820-1903) Amer. abolitionist who escaped slavery in 1849 and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the MOses of her people; capture of her $40,000 reward

Seneca Falls Convention

 (1848) the 1st nat. Women’s rights convention at which the DoS was written; held on July 19,1848 in Seneca Fall, NY

Walt Whitman

(1819-1892) Amer. poet, he gained recognition abroad and later at his home for unrhymed works of poetry praising the U.S., Amers., democracy, and individualism

Second Great Awakening

a period of relig. Evangelism that began in the 1790s and became widespread in the U.S. by the 1830s; Christian renewal

Charles Grandison Finney

 (1792-1875) Amer. clergyman and educator, he became influential in the SGA after a dramatic relig. experiment and conversion. He led long revivals that annoyed conventional ministers; was a lawyer; he believed sin was avoidable; converted many

Temperance

a soc. Reform effort begun in the mid 1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol and use self-discipline

Common School Movement

a soc. Reform effort that began in the mid 18000s promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background

Horace Mann

(1796-1859) AMer. educator, he is considered the “Father of Amer. Public Education”. He was a leader of the common school movement, advocated education for all children; 1837= 1st sec. of edu.; doubled school budget+raised teacher salaries; opened 1st school for teacher training

Abolition

complete end to slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805-1879) Amer. journalist and reformer; he published the famous anti slavery newspaper, the Liberator, and helped found the American Anti-Slavery society, promoting immediate emancipation + racial equality

Fredrick Douglass

(1817-1895) AMer. abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery + became a leading African America.spokesman and writer. He published his biography, *The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,*and founded the abolitionist newspaper the *North Star*

Declaration of Sentiments

(1848) a statement written+signed by women’s rights supporters at the SFC; detailed their beliefs abt soc. Injustices against women

Susan B. Anthony

1820-1906) Amer. soc, reformer, she was active in the temperance,abolitionist, and women’s suffrage movement and was co-organizer +pres. Of nat. Women suffrage Association, equal pay for equal work

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

 (1815-1902) Amer woman suffrage leader, she organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott. The convention was the 1st org. Meeting for women’s rights in the U.S. which launched the suffrage movement

Reflect national pride and appreciate the American landscape

What were the beliefs/focuses of the Hudson River School?

Before = Portraits, after = landscapes

What was American art like before and after the Hudson River School?

satire

What type of writing did Washington Irving write?

Before = British influences, After = Greek and Roman influences

What was American architecture like before and after the American Revolution?

Germans and Irish

What two immigrant groups arrived in the US during the 1840s and 1850s from Europe?

Irish Potato Famine

Why did the Irish settle in the US?

German Political Revolution

Why did the Germans settle in the US?

Unskilled factory jobs

What jobs did the Irish seek in America?

Farming

What jobs did the Germans seek in America?

Because they feared immigrants would take their jobs

Why did an anti-immigration movement begin in America during the 1840s and 1850s?

Rise of anti-immigration movements and american cities grew rapidly

What were the results of new immigration waves to America?

belief that people could transcend above material things and that people should depend on themselves rather than outside authorities

What is Transcendentalism?

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

Who are some key Transcendentalist thinkers/writers?

A greater interest in nature with an emphasis on individual expression and a rejection of established rules

What is Romanticism?

Thomas Cole, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Walt Whitman

What are some important romantic writers?

Sin was avoidable , faith was proved by good deeds, and everyone was responsible for their ow salvation

What were the beliefs of Charles Grandison Finney during the Second Great Awakening?

movement to prevent alcohol abuse and encourage people to stop drinking hard liquor

What was the Temperance movement?

Mentally ill people and kids were receiving the same punishments as adults

What were the main components of prison reform?

Hard to access, few trained teachers, schools were small, most children are working

What were some early problems with education in the early 1800s?

All children were taught in a common place, women received greater education, schools were opened for the disabled

What were the major reforms made during the common school movement?

Published the Liberator and formed the American Anti-Slavery society

What is William Lloyd Garrison’s contribution the the Abolition movement?

Abolitionists were targeted in the North and South, government obstructed abolitionists, southerners felt slavery was vital, slaves escaped through the underground railroad

What are the results of the abolition movement?

Who = Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton; What = first time people officially come together to discuss women’s rights; where = Seneca Falls, New york; when = july 19, 1848; why = to discuss beliefs about social injustices towards women

What are the 5 Ws of the Seneca Falls Convention?

Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Who were the main women involved in the Women’s Rights Movement?

Published the North Star and gave “What to the slave is the 4th of July?” and made many autobiographies

What contribution did Frederick Douglass make to the abolition movement?

“Ain’t I a Woman?”

What contribution did Sojourner Truth make to the abolition movement?

Conductor of the Underground Railroad

What contribution did Harriet Tubman make to the abolition movement?

Speaker

What contribution did Lucy Stone make for the women’s rights movement?

Organizer

What contribution did Susan B. Anthony make towards the Women’s Rights movement?

Writer

What contribution did Elizabeth Cady Stanton make towards the Women’s Rights movement?

Washington Irvine

early American satirical writer born in 1783 who was the first American writer to gain international acclaim; his works include "Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"; he often used American history and authentic American settings and characters

satire

a form of writing in which humor is used to expose or criticize a character trait

Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Washington Irving's best known stories published between 1819-1820

James Fenimore Cooper

well-known early American novelist who wrote The Last of the Mohicans and many stories about the West

The Last of the Mohicans

well known literary piece written by James Fenimore Cooper

Hudson River School

a group of American painters of the mid 1800s whose works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of landscape, especially along the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains in New York

portraits

before the 1830s American artists painted these

landscapes

during the 1830s, American painters started painting these

Thomas Cole

American painter who was the founder of the Hudson River School who will later become part of the Romantic Movement → painted “The Oxbow” and “The Kaaterskill Falls”

The Oxbow

one of Thomas Cole's most famous paintings

Kindred Spirits

painting painted by Asher E. Durand and Ms. Fama's favorite

George Caleb Bingham

American painter who specialized in painting scenes of everyday life in the West (traders, settlers, and Native Americans) → “Fur Traders Descending the Missouri” and “The Election Series”

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri and The Election Series

2 of George Caleb Bingham's most famous paintings

revivals

these were held to reawaken religious faith

spirituals

these were sung during revivals that were developed from the leader calling out passages from the Bible and the congregation responding → combined white and African American folk music traditions

British influences

before the American Revolution, the US architecture reflected these influences

Greek and Roman influences

after the American Revolution, Thomas Jefferson encouraged architects to model buildings and cities after these influences

democracy

earlier political figures stressed that this would only succeed in a country of educated and enlightened people

state boards of education

these were created to create public schools

nativists

US citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants and feared losing jobs to them

1840-1850

more than 4 million immigrants immigrated (most from Europe → Ireland and Germany) to the US during these years

push factor

this factor pushes you out of a country → famine, war, political change, religious persecution, etc.

pull factor

this factor pulls you to another country → good geography, economic opportunities, political freedom, and religious toleration

Irish Potato Famine

push factor in Ireland from 1845-1852 that starved more than 1 million people → people were very poor and took unskilled jobs

Catholic

religion of the Irish immigrants

Irish Potato Famine and the German political revolution

these led to the rise of the Know-Nothing Party

German political revolution

push factor in Germany from 1849-1850 where well-educated people fled to the US to escape persecution, working class people came for economic reasons, and farmers came to own a farm in the Midwest

Know-Nothing Party

a political organization founded in 1849 by nativists who supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens and to hold office

middle class

the social and economic level between the wealthy and the poor

tenement

poor apartment housing

Transcendentalism

the idea that people could rise above the material things in life and people should depend on themselves and their own insights rather than outside authorities; a popular movement among New England writers and thinkers in the mid-1800s

transcend

to rise above

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American essayist, poet, and transcendentalist who believed Americans should disregard institutions and follow their own beliefs → wrote an essay called "Self-Reliance"

Self-Reliance

essay written by transcendentalist, Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

American writer and transcendentalist philosopher who studied nature and published a magazine article, "Civil Disobedience," as well as his famous book, Walden Pond; he advised stronger self-reliance and simple living away from society surrounded by natural settings → he refused to pay taxes during the US-Mexican War because he disagreed with the purpose of the war

Walden

book written by transcendentalist, Henry David Thoreau

utopian communities

places where people (transcendentalists) worked to establish a perfect society; they perused abstract spirituality and cooperative lifestyle; such communities were popular in the United States during the late 1700s and early to mid-1800s → didn't last

brook farm, massachusetts

the 1st utopian community of transcendentalists established in the 1840s

new harmony and oneida

other utopian communities

romanticism

an 18th century art and literature movement emphasizing individual expression, nature, using emotion to guide creative output, and a rejection for traditional arts

europe

the Romanticism movement began in this continent then spread to the US

herman melville

Romantic novelist who wrote Moby Dick

moby dick

book written by Romantic author, Herman Melville

nathaniel hawthorne

Romantic American writer who is famous for his many stories and books, including The Scarlet Letter; he is recognized as one of the 1st authors to write in a uniquely American style

henry wadsworth longfellow

Romantic American poet in the mid-nineteenth century who is the best known poet of the mid-1800s for his story poems, such as "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" and The Song of Hiawatha