Cytoplasm Lecture Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering the definition, discovery, structure, functions, location, composition, and real-world relevance of cytoplasm, including its role in cell processes and its activity-dependent state.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like liquid within the cell, made of dissolved water, salt, proteins, and other components, surrounding organelles like mitochondria, the nucleus, and lysosomes.

Discovery of Cytoplasm

Discovered by Robert Brown and Julius Von Sachs in the 1830s.

Cytoplasm (Eukaryotes)

Fills the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

Cytoplasm (Prokaryotes)

Fills the entire cell within the membrane due to the lack of a nucleus.

Components of Cytoplasm

Consists of cytosol (gel-like fluid), all organelles (except the nucleus in eukaryotes), and the cytoskeleton; primarily made of water, salts, and proteins.

Cytosol

The distinct, fluid-like, gel-like component of cytoplasm, excluding the organelles.

Cytoskeleton

A network of proteins within the cytoplasm that connects and anchors membrane-bound organelles, provides cell structure, and enables intracellular transport.

Functions of Cytoplasm

Supports cell shape, suspends organelles, serves as a means of transport in cells, provides protection as a buffer, is the site for most metabolic and enzymatic processes, and stores nutrients.

Cytoplasm (Cell Types)

Found inside all cells, including both animal and plant cells.

Composition of Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance typically composed of about 80% water.

Cytoplasm's Role in Cell Processes

Provides the crucial space for chemical reactions and cellular activities such as cellular respiration (glycolysis), protein synthesis (translation + protein folding), and cell division (cytokinesis).

Cytoplasmic Changes (Healthcare Relevance)

Abnormal protein buildup or other changes in the cytoplasm can overwhelm cell resources, disrupt regulation, cause cell damage, and help identify various diseases.

Cytoplasm (Viral Infections Relevance)

Viruses invade cells by releasing genetic components into the host's cytoplasm to hijack cellular machinery, an understanding that aids in developing antiviral therapies and treatments.

Cytoplasm (Activity-Dependent State)

Becomes more gel-like and hard when a cell is less active, and changes to a more fluid, sol-like state during periods of strong cellular activity or movement to facilitate chemical and organelle movement.