Key Doctrines/Meetings in Cold WAR!!!

god give me strength pls cause I am gonna fail this

🤑💰 Capitalism

* business + property privately owned
* democracy
* free of government control, not equal

🤲☭ Communism

* the government owned all industries
* one-party dictatorship
* rights of individuals < good of society
* tightly controlled individuals’ lives

Tehran Conference DATE

1943 🔴

🔴 Tehran Conference 1943

✅ Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agreed that the Soviet Union could have a 'sphere influence' in Eastern Europe.

✅ Agreed that the USSR would join the USA and Britain in the war against Japan, once Nazi Germany was defeated.

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❌ Stalin wanted to punish and severely weaken Germany with reparations but Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to rebuild Germany.

Yalta Conference DATE

1945 4️⃣

4️⃣ Yalta Conference 1945

✅ Big Three agreed that Germany + Berlin would be divided into four zones after Germany's surrender - the UK, the USA, USSR, and France.

✅ Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland.

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❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.

Potsdam Conference DATE

1945 🚫⚔️

🚫⚔️ Potsdam Conference 1945

✅ Confirmed plans to disarm and demilitarize Germany.

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❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.

Truman Doctrine DATE

1947 🤝

🤝 Truman Doctrine 1947

USA would provide money and troops to help free governments to combat communist takeovers.

Marshall Plan DATE

1947 __💰__

__💰__ Marshall Plan 1947

$13 billion from USA to help rebuild Europe - countries had to trade with USA to get money though.

Taken by 16 WESTERN countries - UK, France + WEST Germany etc.

SU saw it as an attack on Russia (threatened communist control in Europe)

Cominform DATE

1947 💱

💱 Cominform 1947

Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: an organization that aimed to tighten Soviet control in Eastern Europe, build heavy industry there, and create a trade network between communist countries

Comecon DATE

1949 💸

💸 Comecon 1949

Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: provided countries with economic aid from the USSR

__NATO DATE__

1949 __🌎__

__🌎__ NATO 1949

a military alliance, of 30 countries from North America and Europe, established to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.

Warsaw Pact DATE

1955 🛡️

🛡️ Warsaw Pact 1955

Soviet response to NATO: a collective defense treaty/alliance established by the SU + 7 other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, e.g. Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.

Destalinization DATE

October 1956 __🗿__ 🍞

__🗿__ 🍞 Destalinization

When Stalin died (1953) Khrushchev became the Soviet leader.

In 1956 in a speech, Khrushchev hinted that soviet control would relax (Nagy ended one-party rule)

In Oct 1956, poor harvests + shortages of bread in Hungary → anti-communist revolt.

Stalin’s statues were destroyed + local communists were attacked.

Soviets invade Hungary DATE

October 1956 __💂__

__💂__ Soviets invade Hungary 1956

200 000 SU troops → 500 Hungarians killed, 1000 SU killed

Imre Nagy Death DATE

June 1958 💀

💀 Imre Nagy Death Reason 1958

Appointed a liberal President of Hungary in 1956 by Khrushchev.

Ended one-party rule (Khrushchev was fine)

Then said Hungary → leave Warsaw Pact + destalinazation.

Berlin Ultimatum DATE

Nov 1958 📢

📢 Berlin Ultimatum Nov 1958

Declaration by Khrushchev that Berlin belonged to East Germany + all occupying troops must leave within 6 months.

Kennedy + Khrushchev Summit Meetings DATE

1959 - 61 __🙅__

__🙅__ Kennedy + Khrushchev Summit Meetings 1959-61

Nothing agreed at any, neither backed down from Berlin

🗼 Summit Meeting Paris 1960 (3rd)

Tension built as Soviets discovered + shot US spy plane over USSR

Berlin Wall DATE

August 1961 🧱

🧱 Berlin Wall 1961

(USA had more nuclear weapons so Khrushchev couldn’t remove USA by sending in troops)

Refugee problem for Khrushchev in Berlin.

Nobody could leave or enter.

Soviet tanks + barbed wire were used.

→ West Berlin completely cut off from East Germany

Berlin Blockade DATE

July 1948 🚫__🍺__🍔

🚫__🍺__🍔 Berlin Blockade 1948

Allies united their zones into ‘West Germany’ →

SU closed all links into West Berlin to block supplies + force western troops out of the city.

West Germany was capitalist and attracted Russia’s East Berliners.

Berlin was deep in East Germany, which was under soviet control, so they could block supplies easily.

Western Airlift DATE

1948-49 ✈️

✈️ Western Airlift 1948-49

Made the USA appear peaceful + generous whilst the blockade made SU appear aggressive.

In 1949 West Germany was officially formed.

in October 1949 East Germany was officially formed.

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The US delivered **>2.3 million tons of food, fuel, and supplies** to West Berlin via **>278,000 airdrops**

Cuban Revolt DATE

1959 🧊

🧊 Cuban Revolt

Cuba had many US-owned businesses + had a socialist revolt in 1959.

USA refused to recognize the new government (didn’t want a country with close links to SU)

Cuba built economic links with SU.

1961 = Kennedy’s failed invasion (Bay of Pigs)

Bay of Pigs DATE

1961 🐷

🐷 Bay of Pigs 1961

CIA told Kennedy the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt (trained Cuban exiles), most Cubans hate Castro + Castro’s control of Cuba was very weak.

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Castro knew the invasion was gonna happen + **20 000 Cuban troops defeated 1400 US-backed ones (surrendered).**

Cubans preferred Castro to the previous leader + supported him.

Cuba cut ties with the US + announced itself as a communist.

Dubcek’s Czech Reform/Prague Spring DATE

1968 ✊

✊ Prague Spring 1968

Period of Dubcek’s reforms to Czech communism, making it easy to live under:

* **censorship relaxe**d → increasing freedom of speech + press
* other parties allowed
* soviet control reduced + more power to Czech government
* powers of secret police reduced

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Because Czech had suffered greatly under communism: living standards dropped + a poor economy.

Normalization DATE

August 1968 __⏪__

__⏪__ Normalization 1968

Brezhnev thought Dubcek’s reform = breaking Warsaw Pact

→ SU sent tanks to Prague + Dubcek was arrested

→ Dubcek replaced w/ **Husak**

→ Czechoslovakia **returned** to being under strict SU control

Brezhnev Doctrine DATE

1968 __👊__

__👊__ Brezhnev Doctrine 1968

Su had the right to use military force in any country where the communist rule was under threat.

Helsinki Agreements DATE

1975 __3️⃣__

__3️⃣__ Helsinki Agreements 1975

* East + West Germany finally officially accepted each other
* USA buys SU oil, SU buys US wheat (trade)
* Respect all human rights
* Settle disputes peacefully

Détente DATE

1960s-79 __☮️__

__☮️__ Détente 1960-79

period of easing Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1979.

(started after Cuban Missile Crisis)

* reduce the risk of a nuclear war
* reduce the cost of the arms race
* USA learned lesson from losing the Vietnam war

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SALT 1 DATE

1972 🤏🔫

🤏🔫 SALT 1 1972

USA + SU treaty - **limit the number of nuclear weapons each side possessed**.

* limit nuclear weapons
* no more strategic ballistic weapons
* 200 interceptors
* 2 missile defense sites

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Both sides agreed

SALT 2 DATE

1979 🤏☢️🤯

🤏☢️🤯 SALT 2 1979

further limited number of missiles + launch systems

for 1st time put limit on warheads

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Signed by Carter + Brezhnev in 1979, but never ratified by US Senate (**SU invaded Afghanistan - 1979**)

Soviets invade Afghanistan DATE

Dec 1979 👊🙋

👊🙋 Soviets invade Afghanistan 1979

SU sent troops into communist Afghanistan to take control (after their president was assassinated)

SU assumed the USA would fuck out of conflict cause of Czechoslovakia.

→ Amin made president = SU felt it was losing influence

→ Amin kill was killed, + Karmal made president by Brezhnev

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US government intervened → funded Afghan rebels to resist Soviet troops.

🖕🛢️Why did Carter help Afghans? 1979

USA was worried SU would get more control in the Middle East.

Invade Afghanistan = Soviet influence in Iran, which could block USA’s oil exports.

End of Détente, start of 2nd Cold war DATE

1979 🔄 (After Afghanistan Invasion)

🔄 End of Détente, start of 2nd Cold war 1979

led to Carter Doctrine + 1980/84 Olympic Boycotts

Carter Doctrine DATE

1980 🚫💱

🚫💱 Carter Doctrine

Response to soviet Afghan invasion.

* USA will use force if SU tried to control the Persian Gulf (which was vital for US oil supplies)
* US wouldn’t trade w/ the SU
* Refused SALT 2 = both sides built more nuclear weapons

Arms Race DATE

1949 ☢️

☢️ Nuclear Arms Race 1949

1945 - Hiroshima + Nagasaki

1949 - SU tests its first A-bomb

1952 - USA develops H-bomb

1953 - SU develops H-bomb

This led to MAD (mutually assured destruction)

MAD DATE

1949-52-53 💣🧑‍🤝‍🧑

MAD 1949-52-53 💣🧑‍🤝‍🧑

the idea that a nuclear war would result in the total destruction of both sides (was a deterrent).

Reagan Defense Policy DATE

1981-87 💲

💲 Reagan Defense Policy

>1 trillion dollars!!!

* 100 MX missiles
* new stealth bomber
* 6 Trident nuclear submarines

= felt they could win a nuclear war w/ SU

🤗 Polish Solidarity

Reagan assisted this to reduce arms + Soviet influence in Poland

SDI (Star Wars) DATE

1983 ⭐🚀🛰️

⭐🚀🛰️ SDI (Star Wars) 1983

anti-ballistic missile system (destroys missiles launched at the US)

→ gave the USA an advantage in a nuclear war

→ made SU realize they would have to spend more money in armaments

→ SU realized they could no longer compete in the arms race.

😈 Reagan Speech 1983

called SU an “evil empire” + declared 2nd Cold War

Geneva Gorbachev + Reagan DATE

1985 💨

💨 Geneva Summit Meeting 1985

* speed up arms talks
* work towards the abolition of chemical weapons
* Reagan said, “FUCK YOU IM NOT GIVING UP SDI!!”

Reykjavik Gorbachev + Reagan DATE

1986 ☢️⭐🚀

☢️⭐🚀 Reykjavik

* reductions in nuclear arsenals
* Reagan continued with the SDI
* Gorbachev wanted to restrict the SDI

INF Treaty DATE

1987 ⛰️🚢👀

⛰️🚢👀 INF Treaty 1987

(Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)

* Reagan convinced Gorbachev that the USA didn’t intend to invade the SU (take the hint Gorbachev bro) ⛰️
* eliminated nuclear ballistic + cruise missiles 🚢
* both nations could inspect each other’s military instillations 👀

End of the Brezhnev Doctrine DATE

1988 🔚__👊__

End of the Brezhnev Doctrine 🔚__👊__

this meant that Soviet troops would no longer intervene in Easter Europe to support communism.

→ many peaceful anti-communist revolutions between 1989/90.

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because:

* SU couldn’t afford to maintain Warsaw Pact (military costs)
* SU had to improve trade relations w/ the West to improve its economy 🤑

SINATRA DOCTRINE DATE!

1989 🧑‍🎤

🧑‍🎤 SINATRA DOCTRINE 1989

SU would no longer interfere with the affairs of the Eastern block = accepted the rejection of communist parties.

→ communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria + Romania

BASED ON THE SONG “MY WAY” BY FRANK SINATRA

Berlin Wall Fall DATE

1989 💥🧱

💥🧱 Berlin Wall Fall

* led to the reunification of Germany + the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
* SU redrew its troops from East Germany but western troops stayed in West Germany
* = end of Warsaw Pact (1991)
* meant the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe (1990)

End of the Cold War DATE

1991 🏁

🏁 End of the Cold War 1991

1991 = Gorbachev dissolved the Warsaw Pact + SU + resigned.

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why SU lost:

* economy was poorer than USA’s (huge Afghan war cost)
* catching up in the arms race crippled its economy
* capitalism attracted more people than communism