Studied by 10 people🤑💰 Capitalism
business + property privately owned
democracy
free of government control, not equal
🤲☭ Communism
the government owned all industries
one-party dictatorship
rights of individuals < good of society
tightly controlled individuals’ lives
Tehran Conference DATE
1943 🔴
🔴 Tehran Conference 1943
✅ Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill agreed that the Soviet Union could have a 'sphere influence' in Eastern Europe.
✅ Agreed that the USSR would join the USA and Britain in the war against Japan, once Nazi Germany was defeated.
❌ Stalin wanted to punish and severely weaken Germany with reparations but Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to rebuild Germany.
Yalta Conference DATE
1945 4️⃣
4️⃣ Yalta Conference 1945
✅ Big Three agreed that Germany + Berlin would be divided into four zones after Germany's surrender - the UK, the USA, USSR, and France.
✅ Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland.
❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.
Potsdam Conference DATE
1945 🚫⚔️
🚫⚔️ Potsdam Conference 1945
✅ Confirmed plans to disarm and demilitarize Germany.
❌ Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, Truman did not want to repeat the mistakes of Versailles. They disagreed over reparations.
Truman Doctrine DATE
1947 🤝
🤝 Truman Doctrine 1947
USA would provide money and troops to help free governments to combat communist takeovers.
Marshall Plan DATE
1947 💰
💰 Marshall Plan 1947
$13 billion from USA to help rebuild Europe - countries had to trade with USA to get money though.
Taken by 16 WESTERN countries - UK, France + WEST Germany etc.
SU saw it as an attack on Russia (threatened communist control in Europe)
Cominform DATE
1947 💱
💱 Cominform 1947
Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: an organization that aimed to tighten Soviet control in Eastern Europe, build heavy industry there, and create a trade network between communist countries
Comecon DATE
1949 💸
💸 Comecon 1949
Soviet response to the Marshall Plan: provided countries with economic aid from the USSR
NATO DATE
1949 🌎
🌎 NATO 1949
a military alliance, of 30 countries from North America and Europe, established to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.
Warsaw Pact DATE
1955 🛡️
🛡️ Warsaw Pact 1955
Soviet response to NATO: a collective defense treaty/alliance established by the SU + 7 other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, e.g. Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.
Destalinization DATE
October 1956 🗿 🍞
🗿 🍞 Destalinization
When Stalin died (1953) Khrushchev became the Soviet leader.
In 1956 in a speech, Khrushchev hinted that soviet control would relax (Nagy ended one-party rule)
In Oct 1956, poor harvests + shortages of bread in Hungary → anti-communist revolt.
Stalin’s statues were destroyed + local communists were attacked.
Soviets invade Hungary DATE
October 1956 💂
💂 Soviets invade Hungary 1956
200 000 SU troops → 500 Hungarians killed, 1000 SU killed
Imre Nagy Death DATE
June 1958 💀
💀 Imre Nagy Death Reason 1958
Appointed a liberal President of Hungary in 1956 by Khrushchev.
Ended one-party rule (Khrushchev was fine)
Then said Hungary → leave Warsaw Pact + destalinazation.
Berlin Ultimatum DATE
Nov 1958 📢
📢 Berlin Ultimatum Nov 1958
Declaration by Khrushchev that Berlin belonged to East Germany + all occupying troops must leave within 6 months.
Kennedy + Khrushchev Summit Meetings DATE
1959 - 61 🙅
🙅 Kennedy + Khrushchev Summit Meetings 1959-61
Nothing agreed at any, neither backed down from Berlin
🗼 Summit Meeting Paris 1960 (3rd)
Tension built as Soviets discovered + shot US spy plane over USSR
Berlin Wall DATE
August 1961 🧱
🧱 Berlin Wall 1961
(USA had more nuclear weapons so Khrushchev couldn’t remove USA by sending in troops)
Refugee problem for Khrushchev in Berlin.
Nobody could leave or enter.
Soviet tanks + barbed wire were used.
→ West Berlin completely cut off from East Germany
Berlin Blockade DATE
July 1948 🚫__🍺__🍔
🚫__🍺__🍔 Berlin Blockade 1948
Allies united their zones into ‘West Germany’ →
SU closed all links into West Berlin to block supplies + force western troops out of the city.
West Germany was capitalist and attracted Russia’s East Berliners.
Berlin was deep in East Germany, which was under soviet control, so they could block supplies easily.
Western Airlift DATE
1948-49 ✈️
✈️ Western Airlift 1948-49
Made the USA appear peaceful + generous whilst the blockade made SU appear aggressive.
In 1949 West Germany was officially formed.
in October 1949 East Germany was officially formed.
The US delivered >2.3 million tons of food, fuel, and supplies to West Berlin via >278,000 airdrops
Cuban Revolt DATE
1959 🧊
🧊 Cuban Revolt
Cuba had many US-owned businesses + had a socialist revolt in 1959.
USA refused to recognize the new government (didn’t want a country with close links to SU)
Cuba built economic links with SU.
1961 = Kennedy’s failed invasion (Bay of Pigs)
Bay of Pigs DATE
1961 🐷
🐷 Bay of Pigs 1961
CIA told Kennedy the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt (trained Cuban exiles), most Cubans hate Castro + Castro’s control of Cuba was very weak.
Castro knew the invasion was gonna happen + 20 000 Cuban troops defeated 1400 US-backed ones (surrendered).
Cubans preferred Castro to the previous leader + supported him.
Cuba cut ties with the US + announced itself as a communist.
Dubcek’s Czech Reform/Prague Spring DATE
1968 ✊
✊ Prague Spring 1968
Period of Dubcek’s reforms to Czech communism, making it easy to live under:
censorship relaxed → increasing freedom of speech + press
other parties allowed
soviet control reduced + more power to Czech government
powers of secret police reduced
Because Czech had suffered greatly under communism: living standards dropped + a poor economy.
Normalization DATE
August 1968 ⏪
⏪ Normalization 1968
Brezhnev thought Dubcek’s reform = breaking Warsaw Pact
→ SU sent tanks to Prague + Dubcek was arrested
→ Dubcek replaced w/ Husak
→ Czechoslovakia returned to being under strict SU control
Brezhnev Doctrine DATE
1968 👊
👊 Brezhnev Doctrine 1968
Su had the right to use military force in any country where the communist rule was under threat.
Helsinki Agreements DATE
1975 3️⃣
3️⃣ Helsinki Agreements 1975
East + West Germany finally officially accepted each other
USA buys SU oil, SU buys US wheat (trade)
Respect all human rights
Settle disputes peacefully
Détente DATE
1960s-79 ☮️
☮️ Détente 1960-79
period of easing Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1979.
(started after Cuban Missile Crisis)
reduce the risk of a nuclear war
reduce the cost of the arms race
USA learned lesson from losing the Vietnam war
SALT 1 DATE
1972 🤏🔫
🤏🔫 SALT 1 1972
USA + SU treaty - limit the number of nuclear weapons each side possessed.
limit nuclear weapons
no more strategic ballistic weapons
200 interceptors
2 missile defense sites
Both sides agreed <3
SALT 2 DATE
1979 🤏☢️🤯
🤏☢️🤯 SALT 2 1979
further limited number of missiles + launch systems
for 1st time put limit on warheads
Signed by Carter + Brezhnev in 1979, but never ratified by US Senate (SU invaded Afghanistan - 1979)
Soviets invade Afghanistan DATE
Dec 1979 👊🙋
👊🙋 Soviets invade Afghanistan 1979
SU sent troops into communist Afghanistan to take control (after their president was assassinated)
SU assumed the USA would fuck out of conflict cause of Czechoslovakia.
→ Amin made president = SU felt it was losing influence
→ Amin kill was killed, + Karmal made president by Brezhnev
US government intervened → funded Afghan rebels to resist Soviet troops.
🖕🛢️Why did Carter help Afghans? 1979
USA was worried SU would get more control in the Middle East.
Invade Afghanistan = Soviet influence in Iran, which could block USA’s oil exports.
End of Détente, start of 2nd Cold war DATE
1979 🔄 (After Afghanistan Invasion)
🔄 End of Détente, start of 2nd Cold war 1979
led to Carter Doctrine + 1980/84 Olympic Boycotts
Carter Doctrine DATE
1980 🚫💱
🚫💱 Carter Doctrine
Response to soviet Afghan invasion.
USA will use force if SU tried to control the Persian Gulf (which was vital for US oil supplies)
US wouldn’t trade w/ the SU
Refused SALT 2 = both sides built more nuclear weapons
Arms Race DATE
1949 ☢️
☢️ Nuclear Arms Race 1949
1945 - Hiroshima + Nagasaki
1949 - SU tests its first A-bomb
1952 - USA develops H-bomb
1953 - SU develops H-bomb
This led to MAD (mutually assured destruction)
MAD DATE
1949-52-53 💣🧑🤝🧑
MAD 1949-52-53 💣🧑🤝🧑
the idea that a nuclear war would result in the total destruction of both sides (was a deterrent).
Reagan Defense Policy DATE
1981-87 💲
💲 Reagan Defense Policy
1 trillion dollars!!!
100 MX missiles
new stealth bomber
6 Trident nuclear submarines
= felt they could win a nuclear war w/ SU
🤗 Polish Solidarity
Reagan assisted this to reduce arms + Soviet influence in Poland
SDI (Star Wars) DATE
1983 ⭐🚀🛰️
⭐🚀🛰️ SDI (Star Wars) 1983
anti-ballistic missile system (destroys missiles launched at the US)
→ gave the USA an advantage in a nuclear war
→ made SU realize they would have to spend more money in armaments
→ SU realized they could no longer compete in the arms race.
😈 Reagan Speech 1983
called SU an “evil empire” + declared 2nd Cold War
Geneva Gorbachev + Reagan DATE
1985 💨
💨 Geneva Summit Meeting 1985
speed up arms talks
work towards the abolition of chemical weapons
Reagan said, “FUCK YOU IM NOT GIVING UP SDI!!”
Reykjavik Gorbachev + Reagan DATE
1986 ☢️⭐🚀
☢️⭐🚀 Reykjavik
reductions in nuclear arsenals
Reagan continued with the SDI
Gorbachev wanted to restrict the SDI
INF Treaty DATE
1987 ⛰️🚢👀
⛰️🚢👀 INF Treaty 1987
(Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty)
Reagan convinced Gorbachev that the USA didn’t intend to invade the SU (take the hint Gorbachev bro) ⛰️
eliminated nuclear ballistic + cruise missiles 🚢
both nations could inspect each other’s military instillations 👀
End of the Brezhnev Doctrine DATE
1988 🔚__👊__
End of the Brezhnev Doctrine 🔚__👊__
this meant that Soviet troops would no longer intervene in Easter Europe to support communism.
→ many peaceful anti-communist revolutions between 1989/90.
because:
SU couldn’t afford to maintain Warsaw Pact (military costs)
SU had to improve trade relations w/ the West to improve its economy 🤑
SINATRA DOCTRINE DATE!
1989 🧑🎤
🧑🎤 SINATRA DOCTRINE 1989
SU would no longer interfere with the affairs of the Eastern block = accepted the rejection of communist parties.
→ communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria + Romania
BASED ON THE SONG “MY WAY” BY FRANK SINATRA <3
Berlin Wall Fall DATE
1989 💥🧱
💥🧱 Berlin Wall Fall
led to the reunification of Germany + the end of Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
SU redrew its troops from East Germany but western troops stayed in West Germany
= end of Warsaw Pact (1991)
meant the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe (1990)
End of the Cold War DATE
1991 🏁
🏁 End of the Cold War 1991
1991 = Gorbachev dissolved the Warsaw Pact + SU + resigned.
why SU lost:
economy was poorer than USA’s (huge Afghan war cost)
catching up in the arms race crippled its economy
capitalism attracted more people than communism
Note 
Flashcard (24)