Osteology Final

What are the cervical typical bones

C3-C6

What are the cervical Atypical bones

C1, C2 and C7

What movement does the the atlantooccipital joint create

Yes

What movement does the atlantoaxial joint facilitate

No

Apical Ligament

Apex of dens (C2) → Foramen magnum

Minor role in stabilizing skull-C2 connection

Alar Ligament

Side dens → Occipital condyles

Limits rotation of the head

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Anterior surface of vertebral bodies (skull to sacrum)

Limits hyperextension; stabilizes spine

Tectorial Membrane

C2 body to occiput

Covers dens & stabilizes craniovertebral junction

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Within vertebral canal (C2 and below)

Limits flexion of spine

Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane

Occipital bone ↔︎ Posterior arch of C1

Stabilizes head-neck junction; protects vertebral artery

Posterior Atlanto-axial Membrane

C1 ↔︎ C2 (posterior arches)

Continuation below; stabilizes atlanto-axial joint

Ligamentum Flavum

C2 downward

Connects laminae of vertebrae; allows elastic recoil in flexion

Nuchal Ligament

External occipital protuberance → Spinous process of C7

Limits neck flexion; supports head; muscle attachment site

Typical thoracic spine

T2-T8

Atypical thoracic spine

T1, T9-T12

T2-T8 all have superior articular facets and what for the ribs attachment

costal facets

which thoracic bone has a superior and inferior costal facet

T1

which thoracic has a superior costal facet and an unknown inferior costal facet

T9

Interspinal ligament

Between spinous processes

Limits flexion

supraspinous ligament

Tips of spinous processes

Limits flexion, continuous with nuchal ligament

Lumbar Spine Typical

L1-L4

Atypical Lumbar Spine

L5

Secondary curvature of the spine

Lordotic

Primary curvature of the spine

Kyphosis

What connect true ribs to the sternum

coastal cartilage

what holds the hyoid bone into place

muscles

Simpler classification how bones are created

Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous forms what type of bone

Flat and Irregular

What are the first step of Intramembranous Ossification

Development of ossification center

What is the second step of Intramembranous Ossification

Calcification of membrane

What is the third step of Intramembranous Ossification

Formation of trabeculae

What is the final step of Intramembranous Ossification

Development of periosteum

Endochondral ossification is more complex than Intramembranous ossification and forms what type of bone

short and long bone

What is the final step of endochondral ossification

Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

What is the first step of endochondral ossification

Development of cartilage anlagen

What is the second step of endochondral ossification

Growth model of anlagen

What is the third step of endochondral ossification

Development of 1°ossification center

What is the fourth step of endochondral ossification

Development of 2°ossification center

When bones has a growth in length that refers to

interstitial growth (addition of cells)

When bones has a growth in width that refers to

appositional growth (deposition of matrix)

Nearest epiphysis

Small scattered chondrocytes

Anchor epiphyseal plate to bone in epiphysis

Zone of resting cartilage

Larger chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coins

Highly mitotic to replace chondrocytes dying at diaphyseal end

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Even larger chondrocytes arranged in columns

Maturing chondrocytes

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Few cells thick

Mostly dead chondrocytes from calcifying matrix

Osteoclasts dissolve cartilage

Osteoblasts and capillaries invade and lay down bony matrix

Epiphyseal plate firmly “cemented” to bone of diaphysis

Zone of calcified cartilage

What is the first step of apposition growth

Osteoblasts form ridges around periosteal arteries

What is the second step of apposition growth

These ridges build and fuse together

What is the third step of apposition growth

Osteoblasts produce circumferential lamellae to further thicken bone

What is the fourth step of apposition growth

The process repeats forming more osteons

Glenoid-humoral joint

ball-and-socket synovial joint

aka shoulder socket

In an anatomical position where is your radius located

lateral

Distal end of the ulna articulates with some of your wrist carpals

False

Proximal row of your wrist bones

Scaphoid, lunate Triquetrum, pisiform

Distal row of your wrist bones

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Which wrist bones lie between the ulna and the 5th metatarsal

Triquetrum, pisiform, Hamate

How Many phalanges do we have in one hand

14

What is the only bone to bone attachment in the upper limbs?

Sternoclavicular joint

What helps ball-in-socket joints extends the glenoid process fossa allows for greater stability at extreme ends of ROM

Labrum

Radiocarpal joint

Radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate

Gliding joint

Ulnocarpal joint

Triangular fibrocartilage complex and the ulnar collateral ligament

Intracarpal articulations

Pisiform articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum

Palmar Carpal Ligament

Surrounds the radius and ulna at the distal ends

Os coxae is a large flat bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, pubis

ischium

False above pelvis brim

True below pelvic brim

True

What is a true diarthrodial joint that is responsible to transfer the weight of the upper body to the lower extremities

Sacroiliac Joint

Patients walk in and explain that they are experiencing pain while standing

Iliolumbar Ligament

Patients walk in and explain that they are experiencing pain with sitting

Sacrospinous

Patient walks in and explain they have pain with walking

Sacrotuberous

What forms the greater sciatic foramen

Sacrospinous

What forms the lesser sciatic notch

Sacrotuberous

Not all synovial joints are diathrotic

False

Anterior cruciate ligament test are

Open door

Posterior cruciate ligament test is

Close door

Popping sound associated with pain in the knee

Meniscus

Severe swelling is associated with what tear

ACL

Most common ankle injury is

inversion

Most common torn ligament in the ankle

Anterior talofibular ligament

Plantar Fascia (Medial and lateral transverse arch)

Deep muscle Fascia

Long plantar ligament (Medial and lateral transverse arch)

Calcaneus to metatarsal 2-5

Short plantar ligament (Medial and lateral transverse arch)

Calcaneus to cuboid bone

Spring ligament (Medial and lateral transverse arch)

Calcaneonavicular ligament

Transverse Metatarsal Ligaments

Proximal

Deep Transverse metatarsal ligaments

Distal

Peroneus Longus (Transverse Arch)

A muscle that crosses the foot obliquely

Bow Legged

Varus

Knocked knees

Valgus

abnormal condition of joints immobilized by bone production uniting the bones solidly to one another

Ankylosis

Stimulated by low blood Ca²⁺ levels

Increases blood Ca²⁺  levels

Parathyroid hormone

Stimulated by high blood Ca²⁺ levels

Decreases blood Ca²⁺  levels

Calcitonin

Process of Healing Fracture Step 1

Formation of fracture hematoma

Process of Healing Fracture Step 2

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Process of Healing Fracture Step 3

Bony callus formation

Process of Healing Fracture Step 4

Bone remodeling