[BOTAONE] LE1

Photosynthesis

(Biological Process) Capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water

Cellular Respiration

(Cellular Process) Energy of organic molecules is released for biological work

Tropism

Growth toward or away from stimulus

Hypothesis

Educated guess based on previous observation that is testable by observation and experiments

Theory

Widely accepted explanation supported by a large body of observations and experiments

Consistent, Observable, Natural, Predictable, Testable, Tentative

Criteria of Science (CONPTT)

Atom

Smallest unit of matter

Matter

Consists of chemical elements.

Element or Substance

Pure form cannot be broken down to other substance by chemical reaction

Compound

Two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio

Electron (-), Proton (+), Neutron

Atom Structure

20-25% ; 92 ; 17

About ___% of the ___ natural elements are essential to life (___ for plants)

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

4 elements that make up 96-99% of living matter

True

(True/False) Plants have more carbon percentage

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium & Chlorine, Magnesium

Naturally occurring elements in the living system

Inorganic (water, salts, ions) molecules ; Organic molecules

Cell contains both __ and __

Water (H2O)

Biological medium that supports all life

True

(True/False) Not all compounds with Carbon are organic

Hydroxyl

—OH, Alcohols, Ethanol

Carbonyl

>CO, Ketones;Aldehydes, Acetone, Glucose

Carboxyl

—COOH, Organic acids, Acetic acid

Amino

—NH2, Amines, Amino acids

Phosphate

—PO4, Organic phosphates, Glycerol phosphate

Carbon

Can form chemical bonds with 4 other atoms including same element

4 electrons (outer shell) ; 4 bonds form Tetrahedron

Carbon’s bonding pattern

Functional Groups

Special cluster of atoms that performs a useful specific function

Cohesion

Water is attracted to water

Adhesion

Water is attracted to other substances

Oxygen

__ can form two hydrogen bonds

water

Arrangement of __ changes constantly

Hydrogen-bond

Each water molecule can __ to several others

Water polar molecules

__ are attracted to ions and polar substances that can form hydrogen bond

Hydrophilic

Substances that have affinity to water

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not have affinity to water

Power of Hydrogen

pH

pH level

Amount of hydrogen ion (-log [H+])

pH scale

Relative concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

Acidic

more H ions (0-6)

Basic

Less H ion (8-14)

7

Neutral in pH scale

Polymer

Long molecule consisting of many identical building blocks (Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acids)

Monomer

Building blocks of Polymers linked by covalent bonds (Lipids)

Carbohydrates

Serve as fuel and building materials. Includes sugars, polymers of sugars (starch and cellulose)

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, monomers for more complex carbohydrates

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharide units, double sugars

Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharide units, carbohydrate polymer

Aldehyde ; Alcohol

Monosaccharides include a Carbonyl group __ and Hydroxyl group __

Glucose Structure [C6H12O6]

Glucose molecules

During cellular respiration, the cell extracts energy from __

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Glycosidic linkage

Two monosaccharide (disaccharide) units are joined by a __: acovalent bond by dehydration

Sucrose ; Glucose ; Fructose

Most prevalent disaccharide also known as table sugar. It is made up of two monomers __ and __

Sucrose

Plants generally transport carbohydrates in the form of __

Broken down into monosaccharides

Disaccharides must be __ to be used for energy by organisms

Storage Polysaccharides

Storage materials, hydrolyzed as needed to provide monosaccharides for cell. Stores sugar for later use (stores starch for plants)

Storage Starch

A polymer of glucose monomers, granules within cellular known as Plastids

Structural Polysaccharide

Building material for structures that protect the cell/whole organism

Cellulose

Consists of repeating units of glucose, reinformed by numerous hydrogen bonds between glucose molecules. (unbranched)

Microfibrils

Cellulose are grouped into units called __

Proteins

macromolecule encoded by the organism’s genome

Peptide bonds

Proteins are composed of amino acids joined by __

Enzymes

Macromolecule that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy

Amino acids

Organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Polypeptide

Proteins are made up of one or more __ folded and coiled into a specific structure

Primary protein

Sequence of a chain of amino acid

Secondary protein

Sequence of amino acids folds into a 3D shape. Stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary protein

Mature protein folds upon itself

Quaternary protein

Protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain (Ribosome, site of P synthesis)

Normal binding

Substrate can bind normally to the active site of an enzyme

Competitive inhibition

Competitive inhibitor mimics the substrate, competing for the active site

Noncompetitive inhibition

Binds the enzyme away from the active site, altering shape of enzyme so even if substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively if at all

Nucleic acid

Store, transmit and help express hereditary information. Controls cell’s life processes

DNA

Transmits information from one generation to the next. Directs RNA synthesis

RNA

Involved (controls) in protein synthesis

Gene expression

Process of synthesizing DNA to RNA to protein

Nucleotides

Repeating units that form nucleic acids. Its order in a nucleic acid chain determines the specific information encoded

Pyrimidines

Six-membered rings of C and N atoms

Uracil

Pyrimidine found only in RNA

Thymine

Pyrimidine found only in DNA

Cytosine

Pyrimidine found in both RNA and DNA

Purine

Six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Adenine and Guanine

two purines found in both RNA and DNA

Lipids

Macromolecules not soluble in water (hydrophobic). Main non-polar component of cells. Mostly hydrocarbons (no oxygen)

Fats (Triglycerides)

Composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of gycerol

Fatty acids

Long hydrocarbon chains with an acid group at one end, usually 16-18 carbon atoms in length

Glycerol

3 carbon carbohydrate. It has 3 alcohol (—OH) groups which link up with the acid groups in the fatty acids

Saturated fats

Hydrocarbon chains with all single bonds. Solid in room temperature

Unsaturated fats

Fats with double bonds. Liquid in room temperature. Can be obtained from plants and fishes

Trans fats

Hydrogenated fat that produced unsaturated fats with trans double bonds and solidified to a saturated fat (ex. margarine)

Glycerols with 2 fatty acids, phosphate containing head group, phospholipid bilayer

Main component of cell membranes

Plant waxes

Retards water loss from plant

Steroid hormones

Hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings

Cholesterol

Common steroid that is an essential component of animal cell membranes

Secondary Metabolites

Product of cells’ metabolic activities. Responsible for bright colors of flowers, bitter taste in certain plants

Terpenoids

Dimers and polymers of 5-C called isoprene units

Phenolic compounds

Formed by a benzene ring, carboxyl group and one or more hydroxyl groups in their molecules, giving them antioxidant properties (ex. Lignins, Flavonoids)

Naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing bases (Morphine, Caffeine)

Energy

Ability to do work, capacity to cause change