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what are the fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

what are the properties of fat soluble vitamins

• found in foods containing fat

• can be stored in the body for several months

what are the water soluble vitamins

b,c

what is the proper name for vitamin c 

ascorbic acid 

what are the different forms of vitamin A

retinol, beta- carotene 

what are the different forms of vitamin D

cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol

what is the pure form of vitamin A and where is it stored 

retinol which is easily absorbed and is stored in the liver 

what is beta carotene

the other form of vitamin A which is not easily absorbed and is converted to retinol in the lining of the small intestine.

what are the properties of retinol (Pure vitamin A)

• a yellow fat soluble alcohol that is insoluble in water 

• destroyed by oxygen

• heat stable but affected by prolonged high temperatures

properties of beta carotene

• a yellow/ orange fat soluble oil that insoluble in water

• heat stable but affected by prolonged high temperatures

• unaffected by oxygen

sources of retinol (Pure vitamin A)

retinol is found in animal sources such as eggs, butter and milk

sources of beta carotene

found in yellow, green and orange fruit and vegetables such as carrots, tomatoes and leafy greens

give two biological functions of vitamin A

• vitamin A helps maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes of the body

• vitamin A also aids the growth and development of children

what are deficiencies associated with vitamin A

• night blindness (due to a lack rhodopsin manufactured by vitamin A)

• stunted or delayed growth in children leading them to be smaller in height for their age

what is the (RDA)/ reference intake (RI) of vitamin A for Children

400- 500 micrograms

what is the (RDA)/ reference intake (RI) of vitamin A for teenagers/ adults

600- 700 micrograms

what is the (RDA)/ reference intake (RI) of vitamin A for pregnancy 

700 micrograms

what is the (RDA)/ reference intake (RI) of vitamin A for lactation

950 micrograms

what are the properties of vitamin D

fat soluble/ insoluble in water, most stable of all vitamins

sources of Vitamin D

oily fish, butter and eggs also the sun

give two biological functions of Vitamin D

controls the absorption of calcium and phosphorus into the blood, and regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the bones and teeth 

effects of deficiency of Vitamin D

increased risk of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and tooth decay

recommended daily allowance of vitamin in D teenagers

10 micrograms

recommended daily allowance of vitamin D in children

15 micrograms 

what are the deficiency diseases associated with vitamin D

 rickets and tooth decay

what is rickets 

a bone disease that affects children causing their bones to become soft and weak leading to an increased risk of bone deformities such as bow legs

what is tooth decay

a condition when the tooth enamel, bone and cementum weaken increasing the risk of dental decay

what is hypervitaminosis

when there is an excess of vitamins A or D which accumulate in the liver to toxic levels

symptoms of hypervitaminosis A

miscarriage, birth defects, bone pain, enlarged liver

symptoms of hypervitaminosis D

weight loss, vomiting, death, kidney damage 

properties of vitamin C

most unstable of all vitamins, antioxidant

sources of vitamin C

oranges, lemons, strawberries

biological functions of vitamin C

forms healthy gums and prevents inflammation, promotes quick wound healing 

effects of deficiency of vitamin C

wounds can take longer to heal, scurvy which is a severe gum disease that cause receding and inflamed gums 

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin C for children

45 micrograms

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin C for adults

60 micrograms

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin C for pregnancy and lactation

80 micrograms

forms of vitamin B9

folate (natural form found in food), folic acid (synthetic form used to make supplements)

properties of vitamin B9

water soluble, unaffected by acids 

sources of vitamin B9

leafy greens, wholemeal bread, fortified breakfast cereals 

biological functions of vitamin B12

works with vitamin B12 to form red blood cells, maintains immune system by helping white blood cells fight illness and infections 

effects of deficiency of vitamin B9

tiredness or fatigue due to lack of red blood cells and susceptibility to illnesses such as colds and flu

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin B9 for teenagers

300 micrograms

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin B9 for pregnancy

500 micrograms

what is the recommended daily allowance (reference intake) of Vitamin B9 for lactation 

400 micrograms