AP US History Unit 4

Bill of Rights

The first 10 Amendments of the Constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures

Assumption

A belief or statement taken for granted without proof

The dogmatic teaching of the Catholic Church that when the earthly life of Mary was completed, she was taken body and soul into the presence of God

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt

Tariff

A tax on imported goods

Excise Tax

A tax on the production or sale of a good

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion

Emergence of Political Parties

Rose out of debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the Constitution

Neutrality Treaty

The US will not sell war equipment to any belligerent nations

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Pickney's Treaty

When spain granted the americans everything they demanded, including free navigation of the Mississippi, the right of deposit and New Orleans, and the large disputed territory of Western Florida

Washington's Farewell Adress

Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton

John Adams

Congressional representative from Massachusetts, 2nd president of the United States

XYZ Affairs

Adams sent agents Gerry, Pinckney, and Marshall to demand bribes and negotiate with France. Unfortunately, no negotiations were made and undeclared war broke out between France and United States

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 that attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as being unconstitutional

Democratic Republicans

Supporters of Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic-Republican

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence, 3rd President of the United States, 1st Democratic-Republican president

Adams' Midnight Judges

Judges appointed by John Adams in 1801

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the United States Supreme court in the 1830s. He ruled in favor of the Cherokee during the case of Worchester vs. Georgia citing Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee land

Haitian Revolution

Bloody revolt in Haiti (then St. Domingue) in order to gain independence from France

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US

Lewis and Clark and Sacajawea

Hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territory and had Sacajawea to help them

Aaron Burr

Presidential candidate who opposed Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Embargo Act

1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. In reality, it hurt Americans and its economy and got repealed in 1809

Non-Intercourse Act

Replaced the Embargo Act. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2

Tecumseh and the "Prophet"

Unified tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois before and during the War of 1812. The Prophet led a revival of traditional culture and religion

James Madison

4th President of the United States. President during the War of 1812, husband of Dolly Madison

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and Great Britain which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

Battle of New Orleans

A battle after the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however

"American System"

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland imposes taxes on Second Bank of the United States. Cashier of bank (McCulloch) refuses to pay. Result: Congress has power to incorporate bank and Maryland cannot tax instruments of the fed. Gov. necessary and proper clause

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways

Daniel Webster

A leading attorney who argued many famous cases in the Supreme Court. Congressman from New Hampshire and senator representing Massachusetts

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in colonize within the United States or in other countries in the Western Hemisphere

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson

Andrew Jackson

7th President of the United States. General during the War of 1812. Supported Native American removal. Is the only President to date to win the election, but not serve as president. Native of Tennessee, husband of Rachel Jackson

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions

Tariff of Abominations

Favored Western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes, thus favoring Northern manufacturers; in the South, these tariffs raised the cost of manufactured goods, thus angering them & causing more sectionalist feelings

John C. Calhoun

Warhawk from South Carolina, that caused South Carolina to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles-to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey

Specie Circular

Issued by Andrew Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Panic of 1837

Ecnomic downturn caused by loose lending practices of stat banks' and overspeculation. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stablize and lessen the economic situation

Battle of the Alamo

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by Mexican forces during the Texas revolution

"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

Political slogans used in the presidential election of 1840 when campaigning among the masses became more popular. "Log Cabins and Cider" was used to portray Harrison as a relatable common American who met with average people and drank cider with them. "Tippecanoe" refers to Harrison's military accomplishments which perfectly rhymed with "Tyler, too" which quickly added his vice presidential candidate John Tyler to his campaign

"Jacksonian Democracy"

A policy of spreading more political power to more people

Martin van Buren

8th President of the United States, president during the 1837 panic

William Henry Harrison

9th President of the United States

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing

"No Irish Need Apply"

A phrase that hung on many storefronts and in newspapers as an act of nativism

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed

Know Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

McCormick Reaper

Harvested grain quickly, patented in 1834

Cult of Domesticity

Tradition that housework and child care were considered the only proper activities for married women

Turnpikes and Canals

Opened West to settlement and trade between 1790 and 1830

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation

Market Revolution

Economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery

Public Education in the Early 1800s

President Lamar best known for this

Dorthea DIx

Concerned about conditions in jails, this reformer helped to change the way criminals and the mentally ill were treated

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption

Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Organized by Lucretia Mott to show how women are equal to men

Susan B. Anthony

Long association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Anthony and Stanton co founded the National Women Suffrage association

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children

Shakers

A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist

John J. Audubon

Naturalist who painted wild fowl in their natural habitat. Birds of America received considerable popularity

Hudson River School of Art

A group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York Hudson River.

Minstrel Shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

James Fenimore Cooper

American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement of the mid-1800s that emphasized spiritual discovery and insight rather than reason

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement

Henry David Thoreau

Taught to use civil disobedience when trying to reform society

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women

Emily Dickinson

American poet and wrote about loneliness, love, and death, and only published seven poems during her lifetime

Edgar Allen Poe

American author, poet, editor, and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement

Judicial Review

the power of the courts (Judicial Branch) to declare a law or action of the executive or legislative branch unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

signed by President Andrew Jackson, authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands east of the Mississippi River to "Indian Territory" in the West

Whigs

A political party that emerged in the late 1820s and early 1830s to rival Andrew Jackson; Henry Clay was a major Whig.

Dorothea Dix

An advocate for prison reform during the Second Great Awakening