3.1.1.2 - Mass number and isotopes

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16 Terms

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Relative atomic mass

Average mass of atom of element on scale where 1 atom of carbon-12 = 12

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Relative isotopic mass

Mass of atom of isotope of element on scale where 1 atom of carbon-12 = 12

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Relative molecular mass

Average mass of molecule on scale where 1 atom of carbon-12 = 12

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Stages of TOF mass spectrometer

  1. Ionisation

  2. Acceleration

  3. Ion drift

  4. Detection

<ol><li><p><strong>Ionisation</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Acceleration</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Ion drift</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Detection</strong></p></li></ol><p></p>
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Electrospray ionisation (mass spectrometry)

  • Sample dissolved + pushed through nozzle at high pressure

  • High voltage applied → each particle gains H+ ion

  • Sample turned into gas made of +ve ions

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Electron impact ionisation (mass spectrometry)

  • Sample vaporised → ‘electron gun’ fires high energy electrons at it

  • 1 e- knocked off each particle → become 1+ ions

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Acceleration (mass spectrometry)

  • +vely charged ions accelerated by electric field so they all have same KE

    lighter ions move faster than heavier ions

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Ion Drift (mass spectrometry)

  • Ions enter region with no electric field, so drift through it
    → lighter ions drift faster than heavier ions

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Detection (mass spectrometry)

  • Lighter ions travel faster in drift region → reach detector quicker than heavier ions

  • Detector detects charged particles + mass spectrum produced

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Mass Spectrum

y-axis - abundance of ions

x-axis - mass/charge ratio

<p>y-axis - <strong>abundance of ions</strong></p><p>x-axis - <strong>mass/charge </strong>ratio</p>
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Mᵣ with electron impact ionisation

1 electron knocked off each particle to make 1+ ions
→ mass/charge ratio of peaks are same as Mᵣ of isotope

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Mᵣ with electrospray ionisation

H+ ion added to each particle to form 1+ ions
→ mass/charge ratio of peaks are 1 greater than Mᵣ of each isotope

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How to calculate Mᵣ from Mass Spectrum

  1. For each peak, read % relative isotopic abundance (y-axis) and relative isotopic mass (x-axis)
    Multiply them to get total mass for each isotope

  2. Add up the totals

  3. Divide by 100

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Example Mᵣ calculation Mass Spectrum

  1. 79×24 = 1896; 10×25 = 250; 11×26 = 286

  2. 1896 + 250 + 286 = 2432

  3. 2432/100 = 24.3 (3 s.f.)

<ol><li><p>79×24 = 1896; 10×25 = 250; 11×26 = 286</p></li><li><p>1896 + 250 + 286 = 2432</p></li><li><p>2432/100 = 24.3 (3 s.f.)</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Identifying Elements with Mass Spectrometry

Elements with diff isotopes produce more than 1 line in mass spectrum because isotopes have diff masses

<p>Elements with diff isotopes produce more than 1 line in mass spectrum because isotopes have <strong>diff masses</strong></p>
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Identifying Molecules with Mass Spectrometry

  1. Molecular ion, M+, is formed in mass spectrometer when 1 e- is removed from molecule

  2. This gives a peak in spectrum with mass/charge ratio equal to Mᵣ of molecule

  3. Can help to identify unknown compound

<ol><li><p><strong>Molecular ion</strong>, M+, is formed in mass spectrometer when <strong>1 e-</strong> is removed from molecule</p></li><li><p>This gives a peak in spectrum with mass/charge ratio equal to <strong>Mᵣ</strong> of molecule</p></li><li><p>Can help to <strong>identify</strong> unknown compound</p></li></ol><p></p>