World Studies Midterm 2022-23

9th Grade, LMTSD

G.R.E.A.S.E.S

Government, Religion, Economy, Art/Architecture, Science/Technology, Education, Social Structures/Social Values.

Civilization must include:

Agriculture, Food surplus, Urban centers, Written Language, GREASES, Specialization of Labor

Cultural Analysis

thoughts, actions, behaviors in different societies and cultural groups

Bronze Age

the use of bronze tools and weapons, 2000 BC - 1200 BC

Dark Age

Dorians take over Ancient Greece for centuries, 1200 BC - 750 BC

Governments

make the rules by which we live

Power to govern comes from

fear of physical punishment, military, money, people, religion

culture/civilization

Culture\= the symbolic and learned aspects of human society. Culture is not biological but instead is transmitted and shared via social interaction.

Civilization\= the largest social unit based on a shared culture, different national cultures within a civilization

Monotheism

Belief in one God

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Patriarchy

Male dominated society

Matriarchy

female dominated society

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Egalitarian

believing in the social and economic equality of all people

Outcomes of the Persian War?

Athenian Golden Age, peace/unity between city-states (Delian league), Pericles rebuilds and glorifies Athens

The Archaic Age

750-550 BCE, formation of city states, return of art and culture, new forms of government

Artistocracy

a government controlled by a few wealthy people

Tyranny

Powerful leaders who appeal to masses by bringing about reforms

Democracy

government by the people

Athens and Sparta differences

Athens:

-stereotypical ancient Greece

-valued education

-women limited to private sphere

-democratic principles

-philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates)

Sparta:

-military society

-Athen's major rival

Athens and Sparta similarities

Common language, common enemy, shared heroes, Olympic games, same gods and religious beliefs

Athenian Golden Age (Age of Pericles)

1. Political Stability & Relative Peace

2. Economic Stability & Prosperity

3. Heightened Artistic Expression

4. Higher Order Thinking

5. Brief

"Big 3"

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Philosophers: Two major assumptions

Universe is not random, it works in an ordinary, logical way

Humans can understand working of universe through reason and logic (birth of scientific reasoning)

Socrates

Developed the Socratic Method, sentenced to death for "corrupting youth of Athens" - scapegoat

Plato

The Republic: ideal system of government, Socrates' student

Artistotle

student of Plato for 20 years, made Lyceum

Sophists

Aggressive philosophers who thought they were the greatest

Protagoras

Man is the measure of all things

subsistence farmers

Only grow enough food for their families to eat

Pastoralists

herders of domesticated animals

nomadic

wandering from place to place

Secular

Non-religious

Ages in order

Bronze, Dark, Archaic, Golden

What began the Athenian Golden Age?

Persian War

What ended the Athenian Golden Age?

Peloponnesian War

Plato's Republic

a book that describes the idea state under a philosopher king and described how the government should regulate all aspects of citizen's lives

The Delian League

military alliance led by Athens

Humanism

An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements

Philosophers: Two major assumptions

1. Universe is not random, it works in an ordinary, logical way

2. Humans can understand working of universe through reason and logic (birth of scientific reasoning)

Renaissance definition

rebirth of classical ideas

Renaissance causes

1. reawakened interest in Greece & Rome

2. thriving and growing cities

3. increase in trade leads to muslim ideas

4. wealthy merchants & patrons (major upbring of artistic expression)

Major values of the Renaissance

individual achievements, wordly pleasures, humanism, return of classical ideal of Rome & Greece

major changes of art during Renaissance

perspective, realism, 3-D on 2-D surface

Middle Ages

A period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500

Modern Age

the period in time from 1800 up to now

Renaissance time period

1300s-1600s

The Italian Renaissance

A period of European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe

the Early Renaissance

1300-1400s, Petrarch & Donetallo

The Quattrocento

1400s, Florentine Golden Age (De Medici, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Machiavelli)

The High Renaissance

1500-1600, centered in Rome (Michelangelo, Raphael, Castiglione, Machiavelli)

De Medici Family

Banking family that held political power in Florence

Lorenzo de Medici

clever politician, son of Cosimo, "The Magnificent"

Franceso Petrarch

Father of Renaissance (1300s), sonnets about Laura

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist (Mona Lisa & Last Supper)

Michelangelo

Florentine sculptor and painter and architect (David)

Raphael

School of Athens

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Martin Luther

German monk, 95 Thesis posted in 1517, led to religious reform in German against Roman Catholic Church

Artemisia Gentileschi

female painter, Judith, power of women

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life

Thomas Moore (1478-1535)

English humanist writer that wrote Utopia

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, Praise of Folly

Pietr Brueghel

Northern Renaissance artist, focused on common folks

Christine de Pizan

wrote The Book of the City of Ladies (society of women ran it)

Christian Humanism

A blend of humanist and religious ideas

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Short-Term Causes of Protestant Reformation

• Luther's Early Life

• Tetzel's sales of indulgences

• Posting of 95 Thesis

• Publishing of Luther's Ideas

Long-Term Causes of Protestant Reformation

• Printing Press

• Church Corruption

• Popes lose power, monarchs gain power

• Protestant Reformers

Martin Luther's beliefs

believed salvation was achieved through faith, bible is the only source of religious truth, all people with faith were equal

Early Reformers

John Wycliffe and Jan Hus