Government, Religion, Economy, Art/Architecture, Science/Technology, Education, Social Structures/Social Values.
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Civilization must include:
Agriculture, Food surplus, Urban centers, Written Language, GREASES, Specialization of Labor
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Cultural Analysis
thoughts, actions, behaviors in different societies and cultural groups
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Bronze Age
the use of bronze tools and weapons, 2000 BC - 1200 BC
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Dark Age
Dorians take over Ancient Greece for centuries, 1200 BC - 750 BC
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Governments
make the rules by which we live
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Power to govern comes from
fear of physical punishment, military, money, people, religion
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culture/civilization
Culture\= the symbolic and learned aspects of human society. Culture is not biological but instead is transmitted and shared via social interaction.
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Civilization\= the largest social unit based on a shared culture, different national cultures within a civilization
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Monotheism
Belief in one God
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Polytheism
Belief in many gods
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Patriarchy
Male dominated society
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Matriarchy
female dominated society
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Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
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Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen
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Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
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Egalitarian
believing in the social and economic equality of all people
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Outcomes of the Persian War?
Athenian Golden Age, peace/unity between city-states (Delian league), Pericles rebuilds and glorifies Athens
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The Archaic Age
750-550 BCE, formation of city states, return of art and culture, new forms of government
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Artistocracy
a government controlled by a few wealthy people
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Tyranny
Powerful leaders who appeal to masses by bringing about reforms
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Democracy
government by the people
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Athens and Sparta differences
Athens:
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-stereotypical ancient Greece
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-valued education
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-women limited to private sphere
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-democratic principles
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-philosophers (Plato, Aristotle, Socrates)
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Sparta:
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-military society
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-Athen's major rival
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Athens and Sparta similarities
Common language, common enemy, shared heroes, Olympic games, same gods and religious beliefs
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Athenian Golden Age (Age of Pericles)
1. Political Stability & Relative Peace
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2. Economic Stability & Prosperity
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3. Heightened Artistic Expression
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4. Higher Order Thinking
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5. Brief
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"Big 3"
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
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Philosophers: Two major assumptions
Universe is not random, it works in an ordinary, logical way
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Humans can understand working of universe through reason and logic (birth of scientific reasoning)
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Socrates
Developed the Socratic Method, sentenced to death for "corrupting youth of Athens" - scapegoat
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Plato
The Republic: ideal system of government, Socrates' student
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Artistotle
student of Plato for 20 years, made Lyceum
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Sophists
Aggressive philosophers who thought they were the greatest
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Protagoras
Man is the measure of all things
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subsistence farmers
Only grow enough food for their families to eat
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Pastoralists
herders of domesticated animals
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nomadic
wandering from place to place
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Secular
Non-religious
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Ages in order
Bronze, Dark, Archaic, Golden
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What began the Athenian Golden Age?
Persian War
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What ended the Athenian Golden Age?
Peloponnesian War
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Plato's Republic
a book that describes the idea state under a philosopher king and described how the government should regulate all aspects of citizen's lives
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The Delian League
military alliance led by Athens
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Humanism
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements
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Philosophers: Two major assumptions
1. Universe is not random, it works in an ordinary, logical way
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2. Humans can understand working of universe through reason and logic (birth of scientific reasoning)
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Renaissance definition
rebirth of classical ideas
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Renaissance causes
1. reawakened interest in Greece & Rome
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2. thriving and growing cities
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3. increase in trade leads to muslim ideas
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4. wealthy merchants & patrons (major upbring of artistic expression)
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Major values of the Renaissance
individual achievements, wordly pleasures, humanism, return of classical ideal of Rome & Greece
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major changes of art during Renaissance
perspective, realism, 3-D on 2-D surface
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Middle Ages
A period that lasted from about 500 to about 1500
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Modern Age
the period in time from 1800 up to now
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Renaissance time period
1300s-1600s
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The Italian Renaissance
A period of European history that began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe
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the Early Renaissance
1300-1400s, Petrarch & Donetallo
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The Quattrocento
1400s, Florentine Golden Age (De Medici, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Machiavelli)
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The High Renaissance
1500-1600, centered in Rome (Michelangelo, Raphael, Castiglione, Machiavelli)
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De Medici Family
Banking family that held political power in Florence
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Lorenzo de Medici
clever politician, son of Cosimo, "The Magnificent"
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Franceso Petrarch
Father of Renaissance (1300s), sonnets about Laura
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Leonardo da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist (Mona Lisa & Last Supper)
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Michelangelo
Florentine sculptor and painter and architect (David)
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Raphael
School of Athens
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Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
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Donatello
(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.
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Baldassare Castiglione
An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.
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Martin Luther
German monk, 95 Thesis posted in 1517, led to religious reform in German against Roman Catholic Church
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Artemisia Gentileschi
female painter, Judith, power of women
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Jan van Eyck
Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life
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Thomas Moore (1478-1535)
English humanist writer that wrote Utopia
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Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, Praise of Folly
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Pietr Brueghel
Northern Renaissance artist, focused on common folks
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Christine de Pizan
wrote The Book of the City of Ladies (society of women ran it)
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Christian Humanism
A blend of humanist and religious ideas
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Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
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Short-Term Causes of Protestant Reformation
• Luther's Early Life
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• Tetzel's sales of indulgences
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• Posting of 95 Thesis
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• Publishing of Luther's Ideas
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Long-Term Causes of Protestant Reformation
• Printing Press
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• Church Corruption
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• Popes lose power, monarchs gain power
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• Protestant Reformers
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Martin Luther's beliefs
believed salvation was achieved through faith, bible is the only source of religious truth, all people with faith were equal
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