saul goodman

ap psych

Hindsight Bias

A common tendency for people to perceive past events as more predictable than they actually were

Overconfidence

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Experimental Methodology

Type of research method where the researcher manipulates one variable (independent variable) to determine it’s effect on another variable (dependent variable)

Independent variables

The characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed.

Random Assignment

Ensures all members of the sample have an equal chance of being placed into either group

Non-Experimental Methodology

Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable

Case Study

Studying one person or group in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

Correlational Study

Research conducted to assess the relationship among two or more variables.

Correlational coefficient

A statistical measure of the strength and duration of the relationship between two factors.

Third Variable Problem

A type of confounding variable in which two factors vary together and how well one factor can predict the other

Directionality Problem

a limitation of correlational research that occurs when it's unclear which variable is causing the other

Meta-Analysis

Process of analyzing the results of many studies that have measured the same variables

Naturalistic Observation

Observing and recording behavior in natural situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

Structured interview

involves a set of predetermined questions that are presented in the same order to every participant.

Unstructured interview

Does not involve a set of predetermined questions

Questionaire

a research tool where participants self-report their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors by answering a set of written questions

Likert Scale

A numerical scale used to assess attitudes; includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme

Self-report Bias

A methodological problem that arises when researchers rely on asking people to describe their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors rather than measuring these directly and objectively

Social Desirability Bias

A type of response bias in which people answer the questions in a way they believe will be viewed favorably by others, rather than how they truly feel or behave.

Longitudinal study

A research design where the same group of participants are studied repeatedly over a long period of time

Cross-sectional study

A research design conducted at a single point in time, comparing groups of differing ages to arrive at conclusions about development