Changing Places extra detail

What is place?

Location plus meaning

Who introduced location, locale and sense of place?

John Agnew, 1987

Who wrote Place: A Short Introduction?

Tim Cresswell, 2015

What are the three aspects of the importance of place?

Identity, belonging, wellbeing

What are the three scales of identity?

Localism, regionalism, nationalism

What is the party for independence in Cornwall?

Mebyon Kernow

Who wrote about a global sense of place?

Doreen Massey (social & economic geographer)

Who wrote the Geography of Nowhere (placelessness)?

James Kunstler

James Kunstler quote

Every place is like no place in particular

What is a clone town?

Settlement dominated by chain stores

How many McDonald's are there?

36,000

How many countries have McDonald's?

100

What is McDonald's an example of?

Glocalisation

What is glocalisation?

Multinational companies adapting to local marketplace

Where is the "best place to live?"

Skipton, North Yorkshire

Who chose the "best place to live" and when?

Sunday Times 2014

Who made the Place diagram?

Project for Public Spaces

What is in the inner ring of the Place diagram?

Key attributes

What is in the middle ring of the Place diagram?

Tangible qualities

What is in the outer ring of the Place diagram?

Measurables

What is positionality?

Factors which influence how people perceive places

What 3 things is an insider familiar with?

Topography, daily rhythms, events

Who coined gesellschaft and gemeinschaft?

German geographer Ferdinand Tonnies

Urban extreme is called...

gesellschaft

Rural extreme is called...

gemeinschaft

Definition of gesellschaft

The urban extreme - the ever-changing nature of large, cosmopolitan commercial cities

Gemeinschaft is a ... society

peasant

Gemeinschaft is ... looking

inward

Gemeinschaft is an ... community

idyllic

Gemeinschaft is based on ...

kinship

Gemeinschaft is supported by...

subsistence agriculture

Who used the term "metropolitan village"?

Geographer Ray Pahl - to describe villages that had become suburbanised

What is the urban-rural continuum?

range of settlement types from extremely urban to extremely rural

Who argued that not everyone experiences the shrinking world to the same extent?

Doreen Massey

What did David Harvey argue about time-space convergence?

crucial for survival of capitalism

What is genius loci?

prevailing character/atmosphere of place

What is global shift?

international relocation of economic activity e.g. manufacturing

What is rural divers

evolution of rural economies to include wider range of activities than just agriculture

what is a life-cycle stage?

age and family status e.g. retired

what are the three parts of the placemaking movement?

identity, belonging and wellbeing

what is an example of regional identity?

Mebyon party, Cornwall - independence

what is an example of the power of place in political protest?

Occupy movement London camped outside St Paul's Cathedral relying on power of place to attract attention

what does the Occupy movement campaign against?

social/economic inequality

what did Doreen Massey argue about the character of a place?

can only be seen by linking it to places beyond

what is an example of glocalisation?

McDonalds e.g. no beef in Hindu cultures

what is an example of a clone town chain?

Costa in Totnes, South Devon, 2012

how many in Totnes signed the anti-chain petition?

3/4

what is an example of the localisation of place?

Totnes Pound - less money leaks out

when was the Transition Network founded?

2007

why was the Transition Network founded?

in response to climate change

how many Transition Network projects are there?

over 1,200 worldwide

3 examples of Transition Network projects

food growing groups

community owned energy

REconomy - new jobs

what can influence belonging/insider and outsider perspectives?

positionality

what triggered Blackpool's rapid expansion?

railway mid-19th century

how did Blackpool's population change in the 19th-20th centuries?

quadrupled between 1851 and 1911

what are two iconic attractions in Blackpool?

Grand Theatre and Pleasure Beach

how many visitors a year did Blackpool have in the early 20th century?

4 million by 1910

what led to Blackpool's success as a tourist destination?

Lancashire tradition of wakes week - mill towns closed down for different weeks in summer - steady stream of visitors

how did Blackpool's visitors change in the 20th century?

4 million per year 1910 to 7 million 1930

how did jobs in tourism increase in Blackpool in the 20th century?

7,500 more in 1951 than 1911

what three things caused the Blackpool tourist industry to decline?

end of wakes weeks

M55 1958 - more day trips

more package holidays and budget airlines 1990s

how have jobs in tourism in Blackpool declined recently?

2,500 fewer in 2013 than 1991

what has increased Blackpool's population?

growing reputation as cheap place to live

in what way have all places' functions changed over time?

used to have distinct function e.g. market town whereas they are now multipurpose

what are three parts of demographic characteristics?

age profile, socioeconomic profile, cultural diversity

why might population structure vary from place to place?

age-selective migration movements e.g. studentification in Leeds

what is an example of life expectancy varying due to wealth and poverty levels?

for men:

affluent Kensington, London 84

Carlton, Glasgow 54

what is gentrification?

reinvestment into low income places resulting in increased housing costs and displacement

why have some families and professionals abandoned inner cities?

high crime rates

what is an example of varying socioeconomic profiles?

inner city Liverpool: more than 50% face economic challenges

Formby fringe village: 70% are working or retired professionals

what can cause ethnic composition to change rapidly?

migration and high fertility in young migrant populations

what is a diaspora group?

group with similar heritage who have settled elsewhere

for what four reasons has English culture changed?

US TV shows

investment by foreign TNCs e.g. in food

cultural transfers online - social media

migration - most recently Eastern European

where have settlements historically taken root?

where geographical factors favour economic activities than cannot be carried out as profitably in other locations

example of topography influencing place

Hampstead and Highgate, London - high elevation led to wealthy Victorians getting clean water

what is a modern-day characteristic of the areas influenced by the topography of Hampstead and Highgate in London?

affluent places today

what is an example of climate influencing place?

Champagne - perfect for viticulture in warm dry summers - identity of Champagne villages e.g. Chouilly

what is Motown an abbreviation of?

motor town

what 3 things were Belfast's main industries in the 19th century?

linen, heavy engineering, ship building

how were Belfast's working class living conditions?

extremely squalid

when were there slum clearances in Belfast?

1910 (alleviated suffering for a while)

when did Belfast experience deindustrialisation?

1980s

what did deindustrialisation do to Belfast?

reinforced historical patterns of inequality and tension

when were the Troubles?

1970s to 1990s

what is the government body in Belfast?

Laganside Corporation

when did the Laganside Corporation form?

1989

what is an example of places changing from conflict?

9/11

what is an example of places changing from industrial accidents?

Chernobyl

what is an example of places changing from climate change?

Maldives

what are the 3 types of agent of change?

government policies

multinational corporations

international institutions e.g. UN, WHO

2 examples of government policies

regeneration schemes

financial incentives for industries e.g. tax breaks, subsidies, enterprise zones

impact of government policies

attract businesses -> multiplier effect

example of decisions of MNC

Mondelez - Cadbury factory from Bristol to Poland in 2010

2 impacts of decisions of MNCs

job losses

factory -> housing

2 examples of international institutions

in 2015 World Bank ran 15 development projects in Haiti

Sustainable Development Goals

impact of World Bank Haiti projects

post-earthquake reconstruction of communities

where is Medellin?

Colombia

until when was Medellin the world's most dangerous city?

1993

why was Medellin so dangerous?

Pablo Escobar's control

why did Medellin's socio-economic status decline?

too dangerous to go out