Studied by 3 people
White temple & it’s Ziggurat - Sumerian Unit 1
Found: Iran 3500-3000 BCE. Sumerian
Made out of: Mud brick (modern day Iran)
Content: raised temple used for worshipping
Context: Sumerians believed their god were very powerful so the temple were to recognize their authority & power. Temple allows the king to be closer to God and Heaven
Votive Statues - Sumerian Unit 1
Gypsum inlaid w/ shell & black limestones. Square temple at Eshnunna (modern day Tell Asmar, Iraq) 2700 B.C.E
Represents worship to Abu (god)
Content: Illustrates everyday life of a Sumerian
Context: Strong connection with god-constantly prayed. Bigger & larger statue which meant the more they devoted to their god.
Standard of Ur - Sumerian Unit 1
Made out of: wood, shell, lapis, lazuli, and red limestones.
Found: Royal tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq. 2600-2400 BCE
Not completely known what its function, maybe for battle?
Content: 3 registers depicting prosperity & successful agriculture. Registers shows the different social roles.
Context: Shows different roles of society as well as their successful argilcture, and daily life for a Sumerian.
Stele of Hammurabi - Babylonian Unit 1
Made out of: Black Basalt.
Found: Babylon (modern Iran) 1792-1750 BCE
Depicts the laws during the Babylonian period under this kings ruling (King Hammurabi)
Content: 4,000 years old and is a law code which is a tall carved object with the top being the relief and bottom having inscribed cuneiform
Context: Illustrates Hammurabi is supposed to be seen as receiving the laws from the God. Audience is intended for the citizens to show Hammurabis authority and power.
Lamassu - Neo-Assyrian Unit 1
Made out of: Alabaster
Found: Citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin ( modern Khorsabad, Iraq) 720-705 BCE
Figure/monument representing the kings power
Content: Stood at Gateways as expression of power & protection of Assyrian King. Head of man, crown like a king, and winged horse body.
Context: You can find them in front of gates, palaces, temples, etc. Crown is to symbolize wise and power. Built to depict strength and size but also as divine characteristic
The Apadana, Auidence Hall of Darius & Xerxes - Persian Unit 1
Made out of: Limestone
Found:Persepolis, Iran 520-465 BCE
Was to pay tribute to Persian king
Content: Raised platform with monumental stairways that approach Apadana. Serves to reinforce power of the Persian King
Context: Shows the kings dominion and power but the wealth of the empire. Columns had bulls heads to show kings authority. People on these stairways paved the empires wealth
Palette of King Narmer - Pre-Dynastic Unit 2
Found: Greywake. Egypt. 3000-2929 BCE
Made out of: SIltstone
Ritual item dedicated to a god, ground for mixing and grinding cosmetics
Content: discovered 1898 through to be used for ceremonial purposes & rituals
Context: Upper & lower Egypt on each side of palette carved. Shows narmer wearing a red crown making it clear these crowns were divine power & personified as a goddess
Pyramids of Giza & Great Sphinx - Old Kingdom Unit 2
Made out of: Cut limestone
Found: Giza, Egypt, 4th dynasty. 2550-2490 BCE. (Khufu, Menkaura, Khafre)
Temples were used for burial for Harlan’s and the after life
Content: Very little inside but showed their great pride in after life
Context: Pharoahs were looked up as a god. Temples were necessary because they were used for burial of pharoahs & after life
Seated Scribe - Old Kingdom Unit 2
Made out of: Painted limestones
Found: Saqqara, Egypt. 4th dynasty. 2620-2500 BCE
Very realistic sculpture of pharaoh showing importance of afterlife
Content: 5,000 year old, painted to look very realistic
Context: Believed that they go somewhere in the afterlife. Realistic ideas of their gods & pharoahs- they valued accurate representation
King Menkaure & Queen - Old kingdom unit 2
Found: Greywacke, Giza, Egypt. 4th Dynasty. 2490-2472 BCE
Ensured rebirth for the king in after life
Content: Shows off their youth & Authority. Wasn’t finished but found in temple to show their prominence and power.
Context: Usually Uraeus (Snake) on their crowns but this sculpture didn’t have it. Lower portion never finished but found with bright paint
Akhenaten, Nefertiti, & 3 daughters - Amarna unit 2
made out of: limestone
Found: Egypt. Amarna 18th dynasty 1353-1335 BCE
Showed their bond with the sun god & how their is one god during Akhenaten’s rule
Content: moved from traditional Egypt ruling to new ruling where there was only one supreme god, sun god Aten
Context: Akhenaten made it to where he and his family were under the disc of Aten and nobody else. This art is very curved & elongated unlike traditional ancient Egyptian art
Tutankhamun tomb - New Kingdom unit 2
made out of: gold with inlay of enamel & stones
Found: innermost coffin, valley of kings. Egypt 1st dynasty
Protects tut as he moves into the afterlife (Akhenaten was tuts father)
Content: kinged at 9 & died at 18, married his half sister. Tomb was found by Howard carter & took decade to record all the findings
Context:Tomb showed that people thought pharoahs were gods. King was mummified & buried into beautiful and unique tombs to ensure their afterlife
Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut - New Kingdom unit 2
made out of: sandstone, partially carved into rock cliff & red granite
Found: near Luxor Egypt. 18th dynasty
Served as religious monument- kneeling offering Amun something
Content: constructed as tribute to her ruling & her accomplishments
Context: her offering to Amun showed her power. Pharoahs were usually male & the art was depicted as a man
Temple of Amun-Re & Hyposty Hall - New Kingdom unit 2
made out of: cut sandstones & mud brick
Found: Karnak, near Luxor Egypt. 18th & 19th dynasty
Was principal of religious center for god Amun Re in Thebes during new kingdom
Content: 134 massive sandstones with 12 center columns- 69 ft tall place for worship dedicated to God Amun-Re
Context: took lots of pride in dedicating time to their gods. Layout represents social hierarchy that pharoahs have rooms dedicated to them, and etc.
Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer - New Kingdom unit 2
made out of: painted papyrus scroll (from book of dead)
Found: from his tomb. Egypt 19th dynasty
Content: depicts Nefertiti heart being presented to be weighed for the afterlife
Context: They believed that everything you’ll do will be judged in your afterlife
Anavysos Kouros - Archaic Sculpture unit 3
made out of: marble w/ remnants of paint. (Nude male figure)
Found: anavysos, Greece. 530 BCE
Grave marker, offerings in sanctuaries, represented god, Apollo.
Content: scientist think inspired by contact w/ ancient Egypt, little bigger than life sized, inscriptions on the base
Context: Egyptian sculptures very stuff & not much dimensions to them. Shows me that Mediterranean brings their art more to life & they appreciate their people
Peplos Kore - Archaic Sculpture unit 3
made out of: marble, painted details (female figure clothed)
Found: Athens, Greece. 530 BCE
Represents a goddess (Diana?)
Content: wore a crown, jewelry. Arrow showed divinity but somehow disappeared-ideal feminity
Context:show their feminity & ideal women. Women seen as protected & controlled by men- men dominant & power
Dying Warrior (Laomedon) - Archaic sculpture unit 3
Made out of: marble
Found: temple of Aphaia, aegina Greece, 505-500 BCE
Depicts transition from archaic to classical
Content: shows warrior with something in his hand which shows him dying
Context:shows more natural style art, more creative. Placed on pediments to show the godsineres, warriors etc
Parthenon - Acropolis of Athens unit 4
Found: Iktinos & Kall. Krates. 447-410 BCE
Marked sacred spot, symbol of birth of democracy dedicated to Athena & Poseidon
Content: reflects beliefs of mythology of ancient Athens & gods. Parthenon shows realistic & anatomically correct VS rigid stylized form it was
Temple of Athena Nike - Acropolis of Athens unit 4
made out of: marble
Found: Iktinos & Kalli Krates. 447-410 BCE
Worship of goddess victory, religious rituals symbol of victory
Content: smallest temple in acropolis athens, monolithic ( each made from single block of stone)
Context:would be used to worship gods & the victories. Symbol of Athens god & victories to show off
Victory adjusting her sandals - Acropolis of Athen unit 4
Made out of: marble
Found: Iktinos & kalli krates. 447-510 BCE
Shows her putting her sandals on to represent respect
Content: depicts victory, awkward position but shows the concept & beauty
Context: the elegance of the “chain folds” really showing. More naturalistic & lifelike (the chain fold garment) VS archaic which wa rigid and not accurate or lifelike
Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) - classical sculptures unit 4
made out of: marble (Roman copy of Greek OG)
Found: pompeii, Italy
Represents perfect anatomical human- a warrior very balanced
Content: made to appear very lifelike rapturing ideal form
Context: shows warrior perfect statue & anatomicaly correct person. Made copies for demand of statues
Grave Stele of Hegeso - Archaic Sculptures unit 4
made out of: marble & paint
Found: Dipyon, Greece. Kalli Machos. 410 BCE
Wealthy athen women & social roles, also used a grave marker
Content: she is opening box of jewelry but gone due to prior paint disappearing
Context: Athenian women’s wealth & luxuriosness & things she gets. Shows women are valued in their social roles & life
Winged Victory of Samothrace (Nike of Samothrace - sculpture unit 5
made out of: marble
Found: island of Samothrace Greece. 190 BCE
Goddess of victory. Alighting on a warship
Content: located at a high vantage point, thought to be in a fountain & caring a trumpet
Context: mixing parts & not exact location question the function of the statue. Realism & very intricate details
Seated Boxer - sculpture unit 5
made out of: bronze
Found: Greece. 100 BCE
Represents human with mixed style
Content: carved out eyes, not youthful and beautiful like traditional
Context: shows non traditional art but shows realistic & details of sculpture. Carved wounds in face, broken nose, posture showing his exhaustion
Niobides Krates - pottery unit 4
Made out of: clay, red. Figure technique, white highlights
Found: Greece
Used for mixing wine w/ water at symposid (drinking parties)
Content: no sense of scale, all sorts of different images. Usually kept at center or rooms for long periods of time
Context: shape of pottery is symbolic & artistic since it’s represented social & cultural practices. Moral of story is Apollo and his ster killing niobes which led to punishment
Athena Attacking Giants - sculpture unit 5
made out of: marble
Found: Pergamon, Asia Minor (present day turkey) 175 BCE
Symbolizes & represets victory of Greeks against their enemies
Content: Athena totally in control, battle between gods & enemies
Context: shows city was chaotic due to gods but also had divine protection. More realistic & emotions unlike classical where it is restrained
Treasury & Great Temple - Architecture unit 5
made out of: cut rock
Found: Petra, Jordan. Nabatean Ptolemaic and Roman 400 BCE-100 CE
Royal tombs that allowed offerings to the dead
Content: two level temple contains small theater maybe to store documents
Context: very architectural & decorative style also due to Alexander’s conquest which allowed influences from the east
Great Altar of Zeus & Athena at Pergamon - architecture unit 5
made out of: marble
Found: Pergamon, Asia Minor (present day turkey) 175 BCE
For worship, sacrifices, rituals, and offerings
Content: base has frieze in high relief showing battle between giants & gods
Context:symbolizes Greek culture over chaos. Long staircases with lots of very intricate details
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Flashcard (30)