Etruscan and Roman

What are some differences between Greek and Etruscan Temple?

Material
Greek - stone, marble
Etruscan - wood, mud brick, terracotta

Column
Greek - all around
Etruscan - front only

Access
Greek - all sides
Etruscan - front only

Style
Greek - symmetrical
Etruscan - frontal/dramatic

What are the differences and similarities in Apulu and Kourus?

Differences
Apulu is clothed, and has more motion in the pose
Kourus is more rigid, and nude

Similarities
well developed body
archaic smile

She-Wolf

500 BCE or 800 CE

believed to be symbolic of the story of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome

The animal confronts us with a vicious snarl, tense body, think flanks, and protruding ribs contrasting with her hanging milk-filled teats.

Story of the twins Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome, who were nursed back to health by a she-wolf after having been left to die on the banks of the Tiber.

What happened to Roman art?

Romans went more realistic instead of perfect, the focused on individuality

What was the coin that Julius Caesar made, what did it have on it, what did it symbolize?

Denarius was a widely circulated coin by the Roman’s.

Julius Caesar was the first Roman leader to place his image on a coin, it symbolized power, authority, and divine association.

Who is Agustus, what does his name mean?

Agustus (octavian) was a man adopted by JC, he became the first emperor after his death
(reign 27-14 CE)

Agustus = “Exalted” , “Sacred”

was given the title “Agustus” by the same senate who killed JC

What is Pax Romana?

peace

Pont du Gard

• Early Roman masterpiece using round arch

• Aqueduct, brought water up to 30 miles, supplied about 100 gallons per person /day

• shows Roman engineering skills, balance, and harmony

What happened in Pompeii?

• Pompeii was known as the “Las Vegas” from then
  
  

• In less than 24 hours ash covered city (explosion)

Arch of Titus

• built by Domitian to honor Titus victory (capturing Jerusalum)

• concrete and marble, had a bronze statue of Titus on top

The colosseum

Flavian Amphitheater
(started by Vespian, finished by Titus)

Floor covered in sand, Arena = Sand

Events
- animal hunts
- gladiators
- acrobats
- trained animals
- mock sea battles

Seats (down → up)
- emperor + VIPs (best seats near arena floor)
- senators (front rows - podium lvl)
- knights
- roman men
- roman women + poor citizens

What is the “rule of four”?

Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire

East ruled by Diocletian
West ruled by Maximianus (they shared the title “Agustus”)

Each ‘Agustus’ got a ‘Caesar’ to help and eventually take over

Augustus = Diocletian
Caesar = Constantinus

Augustus = Maxianus
Caesar = Galerius

New Artistic style + The Tretarchy Sculpture

New Artistic Style
- Style becomes hard, geometric, and abstract
- look intentionally similar
purpose: emphasize unity, power, and stability

The Tretarchy Sculpture
- figures are nearly identical (symbolizing unity)
- Augusti = beards, Caesar = clean shaven
- shown in military uniform w/ swords
- embracing each other = cooperation + shared power
- hard purple Egyptian stone (Porphyryl)

Constantine the Great

305 CE, Diocletian stepped down + forced Maximianus , power struggle followed

Candidates
Maxentius (Maximianus son’s)
Constantine (son of Caesar Constantius)

Constantine defeated Maxentius

Impact on Religion
- ended persecution of Christians
- Made Christianity legal in the empire (influenced by his Christian mother, Helena)