Ch 1 Overview of Anatomy

Mastering A&P Anatomy Chapter 1

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the human body

Physiology

Study of body function

Gross anatomy

Study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye (i.e., bones, lungs, muscles)

Regional anatomy

Type of anatomy in which all structures in a single body region are examined as a group

Systemic anatomy

Type of anatomy in which all the organs with related functions are studied together

Surface anatomy

Study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs

Microscopic anatomy (Histology)

Study of structures that are so small they can only be seen with a microscope

Carbohydrates (sugars), lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids

List the 4 types of macromolecules

Chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

List the levels of structural organization

Tissue

Group of cells and extracellular material that work together to perform a common function

Epithelial, connective, muscle, & nervous

List the 4 types of tissue

Organ

Discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

Organ system

Organs that work closely together to accomplish a common purpose

Regional terms

Names of specific body areas

Axial region

Region that makes up the main axis of the body, consisting of the head, neck & trunk

Thorax, abdomen, & pelvis

The trunk is divided into the…

Appendicular region

Region of the body that consists of the limbs (appendages, extremities)

Superior / cranial

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior / caudal

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body’s part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Anterior / ventral

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior / dorsal

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Superficial / external

Toward or at the body surface

Deep / internal

Away from the body surface; more internal

Sagittal plane

Vertical plane that divides body into right and left portions

Midsagittal plane

Divides body into EQUAL right and left sides

Parasagittal plane

Divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides

Frontal/coronal plane

Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Horizontal/transverse plane

Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Oblique sections

Cuts made along any plane that lie diagonally b/t the horizontal and vertical sections

Body cavities

Spaces within the body that separate, protect and support internal organs

Cranial & vertebral (spinal) cavity

The 2 divisions of the dorsal body cavity are…

Cranial cavity

Dorsal — cavity formed by the cranial bones; contains and protects the brain

Vertebral canal

Dorsal — canal formed by the bones of the vertebral column; contains and protects the spinal cord

Meninges

Dorsal — layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Thoracic & abdominopelvic

The 2 divisions of the ventral body cavity are…

left and right pleural cavities & mediastinum

The 3 divisions of the thoracic cavity are…

Pericardium

Serous membrane within the mediastinum that surrounds the heart

Abdominal & pelvic cavities

The 2 divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity are

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity

Mucous membranes

Lines cavities that are open to the outside environment. Cells secrete mucous — oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

Serous membrane

Lines cavities that are closed to the outside environment. SPECIFIC TO VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES (thoracic & abdominal). Secretes serous fluid. LAYERS ARE CONTINUOUS.

Parietal layer

Layer of serous membrane that touches the body wall (NOT the organ)

Visceral layer

Layer of serous membrane that touches the organ

Serous fluid

Clear, watery lubricant produced by cells of a serous membrane